Calcium Oxalate Calculi Found Attached to the Renal Papilla: Preliminary Evidence for Early Mechanisms in Stone Formation

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 885-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Williams ◽  
Brian R. Matlaga ◽  
Samuel C. Kim ◽  
Molly E. Jackson ◽  
André J. Sommer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Renal Papilla ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Calculi

The Influence of Disodium Ethane-1-Hydroxy-1,1-Diphosphonate (Ehdp) on the Development of Experimentally Induced Urinary Stones in Rats

1972 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Fraser ◽  
R. G. G. Russell ◽  
Ortrun Pohler ◽  
W. G. Robertson ◽  
H. Fleisch
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Urinary Stones ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Magnesium Ammonium ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Calculi

1. Bladder stones composed of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate, calcium oxalate mono- and di-hydrate and magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (struvite) were successfully induced in rats by various dietary manipulations and by implanting zinc pellets in the bladder. 2. The effect of a diphosphonate, disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP), given in the drinking water at concentrations of 0·0025, 0·05 and 0·5% (w/v), on the size and composition of these stones was examined. 3. All the concentrations of EHDP decreased the weight of the calcium oxalate calculi. In contrast, only the highest concentration of EHDP inhibited calcium hydrogen phosphate stone formation and the magnesium ammonium phosphate stones were unaffected. 4. The difference between the effects on calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate stones is consistent with the finding that EHDP inhibited the precipitation of calcium oxalate from solution in vitro but had only a slight effect on magnesium ammonium phosphate precipitation. 5. It is suggested that EHDP might be of use in the prevention of some types of urinary stones in man.

Molecular modulation of calcium oxalate crystallization

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (6) ◽  
pp. F1123-F1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. De Yoreo ◽  
S. Roger Qiu ◽  
John R. Hoyer
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Modeling ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Specific Interactions ◽  
Crystal Surfaces ◽  
Site Specific

Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) is the primary constituent of the majority of renal stones. Osteopontin (OPN), an aspartic acid-rich urinary protein, and citrate, a much smaller molecule, are potent inhibitors of COM crystallization at levels present in normal urine. Current concepts of the role of site-specific interactions in crystallization derived from studies of biomineralization are reviewed to provide a context for understanding modulation of COM growth at a molecular level. Results from in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses of the effects of citrate and OPN on growth verified the critical role of site-specific interactions between these growth modulators and individual steps on COM crystal surfaces. Molecular modeling investigations of interactions of citrate with steps and faces on COM crystal surfaces provided links between the stereochemistry of interaction and the binding energy levels that underlie mechanisms of growth modification and changes in overall crystal morphology. The combination of in situ AFM and molecular modeling provides new knowledge that will aid rationale design of therapeutic agents for inhibition of stone formation.

Nephrolithiasis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luiz Nishiura ◽  
Ita Pfeferman Heilberg
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
Oxalate Precipitation

Nephrolithiasis is a highly prevalent condition, but its incidence varies depending on race, gender, and geographic location. Approximately half of patients form at least one recurrent stone within 10 years of the first episode. Renal stones are usually composed of calcium salts (calcium oxalate monohydrate or dihydrate, calcium phosphate), uric acid, or, less frequently, cystine and struvite (magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate). Calcium oxalate stones, the most commonly encountered ones, may result from urinary calcium oxalate precipitation on the Randall plaque, which is a hydroxyapatite deposit in the interstitium of the kidney medulla. Uric acid nephrolithiasis, which is common among patients with metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus, is caused by an excessively acidic urinary pH as a renal manifestation of insulin resistance. The medical evaluation of the kidney stone patient must be focused on identifying anatomic abnormalities of the urinary tract, associated systemic diseases, use of lithogenic drugs or supplements, and, mostly, urinary risk factors such as low urine volume, hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, hypocitraturia, hyperoxaluria, and abnormalities in urine pH that can be affected by dietary habits, environmental factors, and genetic traits. Metabolic evaluation requires a urinalysis, stone analysis (if available), serum chemistry, and urinary parameters, preferably obtained by two nonconsecutive 24-hour urine collections under a random diet. Targeted medication and dietary advice are effective to reduce the risk of recurrence. Clinical, radiologic, and laboratory follow-ups are needed to prevent stone growth and new stone formation, to assess treatment adherence or effectiveness to dietary recommendations, and to allow adjustment of pharmacologic treatment. This review contains 5 highly rendered figure, 3 tables, and 105 references.

Abnormal Erythrocyte and Renal Frusemide-Sensitive Sodium Transport in Idiopathic Calcium Nephrolithiasis

1994 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Baggio ◽  
Giovanni Gambaro ◽  
Francesco Marchini ◽  
Massimo Vincenti ◽  
Giulio Ceolotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Renal Stone ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Cation Transport ◽  
Anion Transport ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Distal Nephron ◽  
Stone Formers ◽  
Na Efflux

1. Anomalous transmembrane anion transport has been observed in erythrocytes of patients with idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis. 2. To verify whether cation transport is also abnormal, we investigated the frusemide-sensitive Na+ efflux from Na+-loaded erythrocytes and the natriuretic response to acute intravenous frusemide administration in calcium oxalate renal stone formers. 3. Frusemide administration induced a statistically significant smaller increase in the fractional excretion of Na+ in patients than in control subjects. Abnormal kinetic properties of erythrocyte Na+-K+-2Cl− co-transport were observed in approximately 60% of stone formers. The Km for Na+ of Na+-K+-2Cl− co-transport correlated with urinary Ca2+ excretion. 4. The abnormal kinetic properties of Na+-K+-2Cl− co-transport may be relevant for stone formation, hampering renal Ca2+ reabsorption in the distal nephron and determining critical physicochemical conditions for calcium/oxalate crystallization.

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