scholarly journals Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Related Deficits and Psychostimulant Medication Effects on Comprehension of Audiovisually Presented Educational Material in Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 727-738
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Orban ◽  
Tanya A. Karamchandani ◽  
Leanne Tamm ◽  
Craig A. Sidol ◽  
James Peugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Educational Material ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Medication Effects ◽  
Psychostimulant Medication

scholarly journals Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and use of psychostimulants among children in Turkey

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-73
Author(s):  
Sahbal Aras ◽  
Semih Semin
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Diagnostic Validity ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Psychostimulant Medication

Recently, the use of psychostimulant medication in children with symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been subject to extensive debate. The problems faced while assessing and diagnosing ADHD, unnecessary prescribing of psychostimulants, the possible side-effects of psychostimulants on the developing brain, the risk of drug dependency, and the risk of stigmatising children through medicalisation of normal life events are considered among the principal objections to the use of psychostimulant medications. On the other hand, what also need to be taken into account are the increasing evidence on the genetic, biochemical and diagnostic validity of the disorder, the data showing the therapeutic effects of psychostimulants and the rarity of the above-mentioned side-effects, as well as the ethical problems created by insufficient treatment of children because of the concerns of parents. A critical evaluation of these conflicting opinions by mental health professionals might contribute to the application of ethical principles. While making this kind of evaluation, it is important to pay regard to the specific sociocultural features of the country, as well as the prevailing worldwide discussion.

scholarly journals Mapping the neuroanatomic substrates of cognition in familial attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Muster ◽  
Saadia Choudhury ◽  
Wendy Sharp ◽  
Steven Kasparek ◽  
Gustavo Sudre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Medication History ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Psychostimulant Medication

AbstractBackgroundWhile the neuroanatomic substrates of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been investigated, less is known about the neuroanatomic correlates of cognitive abilities pertinent to the disorder, particularly in adults. Here we define the neuroanatomic correlates of key cognitive abilities and determine if there are associations with histories of psychostimulant medication.MethodsWe acquired neuroanatomic magnetic resonance imaging data from 264 members of 60 families (mean age 29.5; s.d. 18.4, 116 with ADHD). Using linear mixed model regression, we tested for associations between cognitive abilities (working memory, information processing, intelligence, and attention), symptoms and both cortical and subcortical volumes.ResultsSymptom severity was associated with spatial working memory (t = −3.77, p = 0.0002), processing speed (t = −2.95, p = 0.004) and a measure of impulsive responding (t = 2.19, p = 0.03); these associations did not vary with age (all p > 0.1). Neuroanatomic associations of cognition varied by task but centered on prefrontal, lateral parietal and temporal cortical regions, the thalamus and putamen. The neuroanatomic correlates of ADHD symptoms overlapped significantly with those of working memory (Dice's overlap coefficient: spatial, p = 0.003; verbal, p = 0.001) and information processing (p = 0.02). Psychostimulant medication history was associated with neither cognitive skills nor with a brain–cognition relationships.ConclusionsDiagnostic differences in the cognitive profile of ADHD does not vary significantly with age; nor were cognitive differences associated with psychostimulant medication history. The neuroanatomic substrates of working memory and information overlapped with those for symptoms within these extended families, consistent with a pathophysiological role for these cognitive skills in familial ADHD.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Anxiety: Is There an Association with Neurodevelopmental Deficits?

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 650-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alasdair L. A. Vance ◽  
Ernest S. L. Luk
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Attention Deficit Disorder ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Deficits ◽  
Psychostimulant Medication

Objective: The co-occurrence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety is a well-established clinical observation. However, its status as a clinical construct is debated. We review the prevalence of ‘ADHD and anxiety’, its definitions, and its clinical correlates and we hypothesise that neurodevelopmental deficits may be increased in ‘ADHD and anxiety’. Method: The authors identified empirical studies in the psychiatric and psychological literature. The search categories included hyperactivity, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit disorder and anxiety. Results: ‘ADHD and anxiety’ is considerably more common in clinical than epidemiological samples. There are a range of definitions which address the situational variation in both ADHD and anxiety symptoms and the use of categorical and continuous variables to define them. Yet the nature of the anxiety is still unclear. It is associated with a poor response to psychostimulant medication treatment, and alternative pharmacotherapy approaches have been suggested. There is a controversy about whether neurodevelopmental deficits are associated with hyperactivity alone, or anxiety, or both. Conclusions: ‘ADHD and anxiety’ is important clinically because it is common and less responsive to psychostimulant medication. Important research issues include its heterogeneity which necessitates the collection of parent, teacher, and child self-reports of symptoms' presence or absence and the hypothesis that neurodevelopmental deficits may be increased in this group of children.

Subtypes of Aggression in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Medication Effects and Comparison with Typical Children

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 619-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara King ◽  
Daniel A. Waschbusch ◽  
William E. Pelham ◽  
Bradley W. Frankland ◽  
Penny V. Corkum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Medication Effects

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Current Progress and Controversies

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 719-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alasdair L. A. Vance ◽  
Ernest S. L. Luk
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Medication Treatment ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Careful Assessment ◽  
Ongoing Monitoring ◽  
Psychostimulant Medication

Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common chronic and disabling condition in children. This paper reviews the taxonomic issues and the major comorbid conditions, neurobiological correlates, treatment and public health issues associated with ADHD. Method: Pertinent recent papers are reviewed from the psychological and psychiatric literature. Results: The two major taxonomies now define a similar group of children with ADHD of a combined type/hyperkinetic disorder. Advances in the understanding and treatment of ADHD demonstrate the complex multidimensional links between neurobiology, psychology and behaviour. Careful assessment of individual factors in treatment planning and ongoing monitoring of psychostimulant medication treatment in the longer term are recommended. Conclusions: There is much still to learn about ADHD, and increased levels of clinical research and treatment resources are required.

Medication Effects on EEG Biomarkers in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Havva Nuket Isiten ◽  
Merve Cebi ◽  
Bernis Sutcubasi Kaya ◽  
Baris Metin ◽  
Nevzat Tarhan
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Quantitative Eeg ◽  
Theta Power ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Medication Effects ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Medication Status

EEG biomarkers have become increasingly used to aid in diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Despite several studies suggesting that EEG theta/beta ratio may help discriminating ADHD from other disorders, the effect of medications on theta/beta ratio is not known. Forty-three children with ADHD that were evaluated with quantitative EEG before and after methylphenidate were included in the study. Theta/beta ratio, theta and beta powers for whole brain, central, and frontal areas were calculated. Theta/beta power decreased significantly after treatment; however, this change was largely due to an increase in beta power, rather than a fall in theta power. The results suggest that beta power is sensitive to medication effects, while theta power remains as a trait biomarker unaffected by medication status. The value of EEG biomarkers for monitoring neuropsychological performance and clinical status should be explored by future studies.

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