Most Major Side Effects of Caffeine Experienced by Young Adults Are Acute Effects and Are Related to Their Weekly Dosage Ingested

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Terence J. Babwah ◽  
Cimone Ramcharan ◽  
Celine Ramgoolam ◽  
Nayasha Sookoo ◽  
Whitney Creese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Weekly Dosage

Fluoxetine Efficacy vs Comparative Drugs: An Overview

1988 ◽  
Vol 153 (S3) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Lader
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Tricyclic Antidepressants ◽  
Antipsychotic Agents ◽  
Synaptic Cleft ◽  
Endogenous Depression ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Anticholinergic Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Clinical Action

The tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) were discovered accidentally by pharmaceutical chemists seeking first, better antihistamines and then antipsychotic agents. Careful clinical assessment revealed the antidepressant properties and suggested that the closer the patient resembled the classical textbook description of ‘endogenous’ depression, the more likely was an adequate clinical response to occur (Kuhn, 1958). However, it was quickly realised that the TCAs possess a plethora of side-effects, particularly sedation and symptoms related to their anticholinergic effects.Despite much research over the past 25 years, it is unclear how TCAs effect clinical improvement. The two main neurotransmitters involved in some way are noradrenaline (Schildkraut, 1965) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin; Van Praag, 1977). It was proposed that TCAs acted by blocking the reuptake of one or other or both of these neurotransmitters, thereby increasing their concentration in the synaptic cleft. However, as well as these acute effects, chronic effects, such as a decrease in the number of central beta-adrenoceptors (‘down-regulation’) occur, and these are probably more relevant to the clinical action.

Psychosis

2019 ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
David L. Brody
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Outpatient Treatment ◽  
Atypical Antipsychotics ◽  
Psychiatric Service ◽  
Safety First ◽  
Cognitive Side Effects

New onset hallucinations and delusions are rare after isolated concussion and should trigger a search for other causes: Schizophrenia (relatively common in young adults), drug abuse, alcohol or drug withdrawal, and delirium due to infection or sleep deprivation should be considered. Importantly, if the psychosis is dangerous or potentially dangerous, think about safety first. This may require inpatient admission to a psychiatric service. If outpatient treatment is required, atypical antipsychotics should be used in as low a dose as possible to minimize cognitive side effects. Aripiprazole (Abilify) is associated with less weight gain than other atypical antipsychotics. Risperidone (Risperdal) is the least expensive. Quetiapine (Seroquel), or rarely Clozaril, are the best choices when parkinsonism is a comorbidity.

Two Doses of MMR Vaccine—Sufficient to Eradicate Measles, Mumps and Rubella?

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Fahlgren
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Vaccination Programme ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Virus Strains

A review has been done of the available literature on measles, mumps, rubella and vaccines against these diseases. So far, 17 studies on the same virus strains as those in M-M-R II have been published. The rate of seroconversion is practically 100% for rubella, generally more than 90% for measles and between 40 and 100% for mumps. Immediate side effects of vaccinaton are mild in infants and negligible in schoolchildren. However, the follow-up periods are short. In the only 10-year follow-up published, 14 subjects remained at the end of the period, and the vaccine studied differed from M-M-R II. Large, well-documented studies of MMR vaccination in unselected populations are rare. It must be of crucial importance that the immunity situation is followed up continuously for both vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals when a mass vaccination programme has been introduced as there will be a risk of outbreaks of diseases mostly among young adults.

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