Altered Functional Network Architecture of the Brain in Prader–Willi Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenichi YAMADA ◽  
Kiyotaka Suzuki ◽  
Masaki Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Network Architecture ◽  
Functional Network ◽  
Prader Willi Syndrome ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Dynamic reconfiguration of functional brain networks during working memory training

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Finc ◽  
Kamil Bonna ◽  
Xiaosong He ◽  
David M. Lydon-Staley ◽  
Simone Kühn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Architecture ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Functional Network ◽  
Memory Training ◽  
Positive Systems ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Functional Brain Networks ◽  
Network Modularity ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Back Task

AbstractThe functional network of the brain continually adapts to changing environmental demands. The consequence of behavioral automation for task-related functional network architecture remains far from understood. We investigated the neural reflections of behavioral automation as participants mastered a dual n-back task. In four fMRI scans equally spanning a 6-week training period, we assessed brain network modularity, a substrate for adaptation in biological systems. We found that whole-brain modularity steadily increased during training for both conditions of the dual n-back task. In a dynamic analysis, we found that the autonomy of the default mode system and integration among task-positive systems were modulated by training. The automation of the n-back task through training resulted in non-linear changes in integration between the fronto-parietal and default mode systems, and integration with the subcortical system. Our findings suggest that the automation of a cognitively demanding task may result in more segregated network organization.

Coexpression network architecture reveals the brain-wide and multiregional basis of disease susceptibility

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Hartl ◽  
Gokul Ramaswami ◽  
William G. Pembroke ◽  
Sandrine Muller ◽  
Greta Pintacuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Architecture ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Coexpression Network ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Recurrent Multi-Fiber Network for 3D MRI Brain Tumor Segmentation

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Xiaoqiang Ren ◽  
Kun Hou ◽  
Wentao Li
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Tumor Segmentation ◽  
Brain Tumor Segmentation ◽  
Fiber Network ◽  
3D Network ◽  
The Brain

Automated brain tumor segmentation based on 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is critical to disease diagnosis. Moreover, robust and accurate achieving automatic extraction of brain tumor is a big challenge because of the inherent heterogeneity of the tumor structure. In this paper, we present an efficient semantic segmentation 3D recurrent multi-fiber network (RMFNet), which is based on encoder–decoder architecture to segment the brain tumor accurately. 3D RMFNet is applied in our paper to solve the problem of brain tumor segmentation, including a 3D recurrent unit and 3D multi-fiber unit. First of all, we propose that recurrent units segment brain tumors by connecting recurrent units and convolutional layers. This quality enhances the model’s ability to integrate contextual information and is of great significance to enhance the contextual information. Then, a 3D multi-fiber unit is added to the overall network to solve the high computational cost caused by the use of a 3D network architecture to capture local features. 3D RMFNet combines both advantages from a 3D recurrent unit and 3D multi-fiber unit. Extensive experiments on the Brain Tumor Segmentation (BraTS) 2018 challenge dataset show that our RMFNet remarkably outperforms state-of-the-art methods, and achieves average Dice scores of 89.62%, 83.65% and 78.72% for the whole tumor, tumor core and enhancing tumor, respectively. The experimental results prove our architecture to be an efficient tool for brain tumor segmentation accurately.

scholarly journals Alzheimer’s Disease Projection From Normal to Mild Dementia Reflected in Functional Network Connectivity: A Longitudinal Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad S. E. Sendi ◽  
Elaheh Zendehrouh ◽  
Robyn L. Miller ◽  
Zening Fu ◽  
Yuhui Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Functional Network ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Mild Dementia ◽  
Sensorimotor Network ◽  
Functional Network Connectivity ◽  
The Brain

BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common age-related problem and progresses in different stages, including mild cognitive impairment (early stage), mild dementia (middle-stage), and severe dementia (late-stage). Recent studies showed changes in functional network connectivity obtained from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) during the transition from healthy aging to AD. By assuming that the brain interaction is static during the scanning time, most prior studies are focused on static functional or functional network connectivity (sFNC). Dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) explores temporal patterns of functional connectivity and provides additional information to its static counterpart.MethodWe used longitudinal rs-fMRI from 1385 scans (from 910 subjects) at different stages of AD (from normal to very mild AD or vmAD). We used group-independent component analysis (group-ICA) and extracted 53 maximally independent components (ICs) for the whole brain. Next, we used a sliding-window approach to estimate dFNC from the extracted 53 ICs, then group them into 3 different brain states using a clustering method. Then, we estimated a hidden Markov model (HMM) and the occupancy rate (OCR) for each subject. Finally, we investigated the link between the clinical rate of each subject with state-specific FNC, OCR, and HMM.ResultsAll states showed significant disruption during progression normal brain to vmAD one. Specifically, we found that subcortical network, auditory network, visual network, sensorimotor network, and cerebellar network connectivity decrease in vmAD compared with those of a healthy brain. We also found reorganized patterns (i.e., both increases and decreases) in the cognitive control network and default mode network connectivity by progression from normal to mild dementia. Similarly, we found a reorganized pattern of between-network connectivity when the brain transits from normal to mild dementia. However, the connectivity between visual and sensorimotor network connectivity decreases in vmAD compared with that of a healthy brain. Finally, we found a normal brain spends more time in a state with higher connectivity between visual and sensorimotor networks.ConclusionOur results showed the temporal and spatial pattern of whole-brain FNC differentiates AD form healthy control and suggested substantial disruptions across multiple dynamic states. In more detail, our results suggested that the sensory network is affected more than other brain network, and default mode network is one of the last brain networks get affected by AD In addition, abnormal patterns of whole-brain dFNC were identified in the early stage of AD, and some abnormalities were correlated with the clinical score.

scholarly journals Computerized physical and cognitive training improves the functional architecture of the brain in adults with Down syndrome: A network science EEG study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Alexandra Anagnostopoulou ◽  
Charis Styliadis ◽  
Panagiotis Kartsidis ◽  
Evangelia Romanopoulou ◽  
Vasiliki Zilidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Random Network ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
The Brain

Understanding the neuroplastic capacity of people with Down syndrome (PwDS) can potentially reveal the causal relationship between aberrant brain organization and phenotypic characteristics. We used resting-state EEG recordings to identify how a neuroplasticity-triggering training protocol relates to changes in the functional connectivity of the brain’s intrinsic cortical networks. Brain activity of 12 PwDS before and after a 10-week protocol of combined physical and cognitive training was statistically compared to quantify changes in directed functional connectivity in conjunction with psychosomatometric assessments. PwDS showed increased connectivity within the left hemisphere and from left-to-right hemisphere, as well as increased physical and cognitive performance. Our findings reveal a strong adaptive neuroplastic reorganization as a result of the training that leads to a less-random network with a more pronounced hierarchical organization. Our results go beyond previous findings by indicating a transition to a healthier, more efficient, and flexible network architecture, with improved integration and segregation abilities in the brain of PwDS. Resting-state electrophysiological brain activity is used here for the first time to display meaningful relationships to underlying Down syndrome processes and outcomes of importance in a translational inquiry. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04390321.

scholarly journals The role of the arousal system in age‐related differences in cortical functional network architecture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Guardia ◽  
Linda Geerligs ◽  
Kamen A. Tsvetanov ◽  
Rong Ye ◽  
Karen L. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Network Architecture ◽  
Functional Network ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Arousal System

The epigenetic regulation of synaptic genes contributes to the etiology of autism

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annamaria Srancikova ◽  
Zuzana Bacova ◽  
Jan Bakos
Keyword(s):  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Prader Willi Syndrome ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Autistic Symptoms ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Epigenetic mechanisms greatly affect the developing brain, as well as the maturation of synapses with pervasive, long-lasting consequences on behavior in adults. Substantial evidence exists that implicates dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Therefore, this review explains the role of enzymes involved in DNA methylation and demethylation in neurodevelopment by emphasizing changes of synaptic genes and proteins. Epigenetic causes of sex-dependent differences in the brain are analyzed in conjunction with the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders. Special attention is devoted to the epigenetic regulation of the melanoma-associated antigen-like gene 2 (MAGEL2) found in Prader-Willi syndrome, which is known to be accompanied by autistic symptoms.

FKBP5 methylation predicts functional network architecture of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex

2019 ◽  
Vol 225 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Markus Muehlhan ◽  
Robert Miller ◽  
Jens Strehle ◽  
Michael N. Smolka ◽  
Nina Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Functional Network ◽  
Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex

scholarly journals On the Dielectric Behavior of Amine and Anhydride Cured Epoxy Resins Modified Using Multi-Terminal Epoxy Functional Network Modifier

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeedi ◽  
Andritsch ◽  
Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Network Architecture ◽  
Diglycidyl Ether ◽  
Dielectric Behavior ◽  
Functional Network ◽  
Relaxation Processes ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Network Modifier ◽  
Amine Groups ◽  
Epoxy Systems

A range of modified amine- and anhydride-cured epoxy systems based upon diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A was produced, through the systematic incorporation of moieties termed functional network modifiers (FNMs) that serve to change the network structure in controlled ways. Here, the chosen FNM was trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TTE). The resulting materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, dielectric spectroscopy and measurements of direct current conduction. A progressive reduction in the glass transition temperature of the modified samples was seen with increasing TTE, which is interpreted in terms of changes in the network architecture of the resin. The molecular origins of the dielectric and relaxation processes are proposed. The observed increase in conduction seen exclusively with increasing TTE content in the amine-cured systems is considered in terms of the chemistry of the FNMs, variations in free volume, changes in molecular dynamics and residual unreacted groups retained from the curing reaction. Specifically, we relate the observed increase in conduction to the presence of unreacted amine groups.

Prader-Willi syndrome and hyperphagia: an update

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 321-330
Author(s):  
K. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Weight Loss Surgery ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Prader Willi Syndrome ◽  
Food Control ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
The Brain

Purpose – Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder characterised by excessive appetite and progressive obesity. The causes of hyperphagia are unknown and this has implications on treatment limiting the options available. The purpose of this paper is to systematically synthesise the latest evidence regarding all causes as well as management of hyperphagia in people with PWS. Design/methodology/approach – A computer-based literature search, citation tracking and related articles search was undertaken. Primary research studies using genetically confirmed Prader-Willi participants specifically focused on the causes and treatment of overeating was included. Studies were described, critically analysed, presented and discussed in the review. Findings – In total, 18 relevant studies were identified. Nine studies were included in the causes of hyperphagia and focused largely on the roles of secretory hormones, and reward-related areas of the brain. Nine studies were included in the management of hyperphagia and related to physical exercise and food control, antidiabetic agents and weight loss surgery. Originality/value – The causes and the management of hyperphagia are still to be determined despite promising findings. The small number and heterogeneity of the included studies and participants limits conclusions. There is the need for future research to use larger systematic studies to validate findings so far.

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