scholarly journals Glutathione Transport: A New Role for PfCRT in Chloroquine Resistance

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 683-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Patzewitz ◽  
J. Enrique Salcedo-Sora ◽  
Eleanor H. Wong ◽  
Sonal Sethia ◽  
Paul A. Stocks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chloroquine Resistance ◽  
Glutathione Transport

scholarly journals Short-Time Recurrences of Plasmodium vivax Malaria as a Public Health Proxy for Chloroquine-Resistance Surveillance: A Spatio-Temporal Study in the Brazilian Amazon

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5061
Author(s):  
Antonio A. S. Balieiro ◽  
Andre M. Siqueira ◽  
Gisely C. Melo ◽  
Wuelton M. Monteiro ◽  
Vanderson S. Sampaio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Chloroquine Resistance ◽  
Spatial Clusters ◽  
Temporal Study ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax Malaria ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Spatially Varying ◽  
Short Time

In Brazil, malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax presents control challenges due to several reasons, among them the increasing possibility of failure of P. vivax treatment due to chloroquine-resistance (CQR). Despite limited reports of CQR, more extensive studies on the actual magnitude of resistance are still needed. Short-time recurrences of malaria cases were analyzed in different transmission scenarios over three years (2005, 2010, and 2015), selected according to malaria incidence. Multilevel models (binomial) were used to evaluate association of short-time recurrences with variables such as age. The zero-inflated Poisson scan model (scanZIP) was used to detect spatial clusters of recurrences up to 28 days. Recurrences compose less than 5% of overall infection, being more frequent in the age group under four years. Recurrences slightly increased incidence. No fixed clusters were detected throughout the period, although there are clustering sites, spatially varying over the years. This is the most extensive analysis of short-time recurrences worldwide which addresses the occurrence of P. vivax CQR. As an important step forward in malaria elimination, policymakers should focus their efforts on young children, with an eventual shift in the first line of malaria treatment to P. vivax.

scholarly journals The impact of HIV-associated immunosuppression on the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene (PfCRT) of HIV patients in Akure, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iyabo Adepeju Simon-Oke ◽  
Adeola Olanireti Ade-Alao ◽  
Foluso Ologundudu
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Chloroquine Resistance ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Transporter Gene ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Chloroquine Resistance Transporter ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Low Prevalence

Abstract Background The study evaluated the prevalence of malaria and Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene (PfCRT) in HIV patients attending Specialist Hospital, Akure. This study was carried out between April and June 2019. Three hundred and seventeen (317) patients attending the antiretroviral clinic (ART) were involved, out of which 89 (28.08%) were males and 228 (71.92%) were females. HIV test was done using the Unigold® HIV test kit, malaria test was done using thick and thin blood smear, CD4 test was done using the Partec® CD4 counter and PCR was used to detect the presence of plasmodium falciparum mutant gene. The data obtained from this analysis was subjected to Pearson’s Chi-square test. Results The overall result showed low prevalence of malaria (23.03%) in the sampled patients. Highest malaria prevalence (31.0%) was recorded in HIV patients with CD4 count between 200–500 cells/μl of blood, with the males recording 24.7% malaria prevalence. The age group 20–29 years recorded the highest prevalence of 27.3%. A higher prevalence 91.1% of PfCRT gene in HIV-positive and (40.0%) in HIV-negative patients was recorded with 100% prevalence in patients with CD4 count ≤ 200. This shows that the low prevalence of malaria recorded in this study could be credited to good health-seeking attitude of HIV patients and the upscale of HIV care and treatment centres. Conclusion The high prevalence of PfCRT gene shows that treatment of malaria with chloroquine is still being practised despite the availability of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACTs) as the recommended regimen for malaria treatment.

scholarly journals Regulation of intracellular glutathione levels in erythrocytes infected with chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum

2002 ◽  
Vol 368 (3) ◽  
pp. 761-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svenja MEIERJOHANN ◽  
Rolf D. WALTER ◽  
Sylke MÜLLER
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Chloroquine Resistance ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Glutathione Synthesis ◽  
Intracellular Glutathione ◽  
Glutamylcysteine Synthetase

Malaria is one of the most devastating tropical diseases despite the availability of numerous drugs acting against the protozoan parasite Plasmodium in its human host. However, the development of drug resistance renders most of the existing drugs useless. In the malaria parasite the tripeptide glutathione is not only involved in maintaining an adequate intracellular redox environment and protecting the cell against oxidative stress, but it has also been shown that it degrades non-polymerized ferriprotoporphyrin IX (FP IX) and is thus implicated in the development of chloroquine resistance. Glutathione levels in Plasmodium-infected red blood cells are regulated by glutathione synthesis, glutathione reduction and glutathione efflux. Therefore the effects of drugs that interfere with these metabolic processes were studied to establish possible differences in the regulation of the glutathione metabolism of a chloroquine-sensitive and a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodiumfalciparum. Growth inhibition of P. falciparum 3D7 by d,l-buthionine-(S,R)sulphoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), and by Methylene Blue (MB), an inhibitor of gluta thione reductase (GR), was significantly more pronounced than inhibition of P.falciparum Dd2 growth by these drugs. These results correlate with the higher levels of total glutathione in P. falciparum Dd2. Short-term incubations of Percoll-enriched trophozoite-infected red blood cells in the presence of BSO, MB and N,N1-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea and subsequent determinations of γ-GCS activities, GR activities and glutathione disulphide efflux revealed that maintenance of intracellular glutathione in P. falciparum Dd2 is mainly dependent on glutathione synthesis whereas in P. falciparum 3D7 it is regulated via GR. Generally, P. falciparum Dd2 appears to be able to sustain its intracellular glutathione more efficiently than P. falciparum 3D7. In agreement with these findings is the differential susceptibility to oxidative stress of both parasite strains elicited by the glucose/glucose oxidase system.

Loss of Chloroquine Resistance on Transfer of Plasmodium berghei from Mouse to Hamster

1967 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Trager ◽  
Renata Klatt ◽  
Sharon Smith
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Chloroquine Resistance

Intolerable Burden of Malaria among Primitive Tribal Community in Odisha: Examining the Fundamental Cause

2021 ◽  
pp. 097206342110504
Author(s):  
Jayakant Singh ◽  
Mathew George
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Chloroquine Resistance ◽  
Tribal Community ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Curative Care ◽  
Fundamental Cause ◽  
Treatment Plans ◽  
Mosquito Breeding ◽  
The Government

This study seeks to examine the living conditions, working conditions, and health seeking behaviour for malaria among Kondho community after one is infected with malaria. The residential surroundings of those diagnosed with malaria positive cases were extremely conducive for mosquito breeding. For instance, the majority of households threw garbage near their house, went for open defecation, the cowshed was beside their houses, and above all the houses were mostly situated in the jungle or near thick forest. Sub-centre followed by the community health centres was the first point of contact in most cases but medical care was sought only after routine life was affected. While malaria treatment plans are changing towards administering more powerful drugs as a result of chloroquine resistance but not as much has been done in the ground to prevent malaria at the first place. Therefore, together with continuing curative care for malaria—more emphasis is needed on its prevention. Community, civil society and the government need to work in tandem to improve the living and working conditions of backward communities particularly those living in malaria endemic zone so as to be able to take effective preventive measures for malaria.

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