scholarly journals Reduced Genetic Diversity in Lymphoid and Central Nervous System Tissues and Selection-Induced Tissue-Specific Compartmentalization of Neuropathogenic SIVsmmFGb during Acute Infection

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 583-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron B. Reeve ◽  
Kalpana Patel ◽  
Nicholas C. Pearce ◽  
Katherine V. Augustus ◽  
Heber G. Domingues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Tissue Specific

scholarly journals Murine Olfactory Bulb Interneurons Survive Infection with a Neurotropic Coronavirus

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Lori Wheeler ◽  
Jeremiah Athmer ◽  
David K. Meyerholz ◽  
Stanley Perlman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Virulent Virus ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) is complicated by the mostly irreplaceable nature of neurons, as the loss of neurons has the potential to result in permanent damage to brain function. However, whether neurons or other cells in the CNS sometimes survive infection and the effects of infection on neuronal function is largely unknown. To address this question, we used the rJHM strain (rJ) of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a neurotropic coronavirus that causes acute encephalitis in susceptible strains of mice. To determine whether neurons or other CNS cells survive acute infection with this virulent virus, we developed a recombinant JHMV that expresses Cre recombinase (rJ-Cre) and infected mice that universally expressed a silent (floxed) version of tdTomato. Infection of these mice with rJ-Cre resulted in expression of tdTomato in host cells. The results showed that some cells were able to survive the infection, as demonstrated by continued tdTomato expression after virus antigen could no longer be detected. Most notably, interneurons in the olfactory bulb, which are known to be inhibitory, represented a large fraction of the surviving cells. In conclusion, our results indicated that some neurons are resistant to virus-mediated cell death and provide a framework for studying the effects of prior coronavirus infection on neuron function. IMPORTANCE We developed a novel recombinant virus that allows the study of cells that survive an infection by a central nervous system-specific strain of murine coronavirus. Using this virus, we identified neurons and, to a lesser extent, nonneuronal cells in the brain that were infected during the acute phase of the infection and survived for approximately 2 weeks until the mice succumbed to the infection. We focused on neurons and glial cells within the olfactory bulb because the virus enters the brain at this site. Our results show that interneurons of the olfactory bulb were the primary cell type able to survive infection. Further, these results indicate that this system will be useful for functional and gene expression studies of cells in the brain that survive acute infection.

scholarly journals Central Nervous System Infection with Other Endemic Mycoses: Rare Manifestation of Blastomycosis, Paracoccidioidomycosis, Talaromycosis, and Sporotrichosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Kauffman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Cns Infection ◽  
Dimorphic Fungus ◽  
Chronic Meningitis ◽  
Disseminated Infection ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Endemic Mycoses

The central nervous system (CNS) is not a major organ involved with infections caused by the endemic mycoses, with the possible exception of meningitis caused by Coccidioides species. When CNS infection does occur, the manifestations vary among the different endemic mycoses; mass-like lesions or diffuse meningeal involvement can occur, and isolated chronic meningitis, as well as widely disseminated acute infection that includes the CNS, are described. This review includes CNS infection caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Talaromyces marneffei, and the Sporothrix species complex. The latter is not geographically restricted, in contrast to the classic endemic mycoses, but it is similar in that it is a dimorphic fungus. CNS infection with B. dermatitidis can present as isolated chronic meningitis or a space-occupying lesion usually in immunocompetent hosts, or as one manifestation of widespread disseminated infection in patients who are immunosuppressed. P. brasiliensis more frequently causes mass-like intracerebral lesions than meningitis, and most often CNS disease is part of disseminated infection found primarily in older patients with the chronic form of paracoccidioidomycosis. T. marneffei is the least likely of the endemic mycoses to cause CNS infection. Almost all reported cases have been in patients with advanced HIV infection and almost all have had widespread disseminated infection. Sporotrichosis is known to cause isolated chronic meningitis, primarily in immunocompetent individuals who do not have Sporothrix involvement of other organs. In contrast, CNS infection in patients with advanced HIV infection occurs as part of widespread disseminated infection.

scholarly journals Fatal Central Nervous System Co-Infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Tuberculosis in a Healthy Child

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bishara J. Freij ◽  
Bassam M. Gebara ◽  
Rabail Tariq ◽  
Ay-Ming Wang ◽  
John Gibson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Tuberculous Infection ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Brain Herniation ◽  
Radiographic Findings ◽  
Cerebellar Tissue

Abstract Background. Central and peripheral nervous system symptoms and complications are being increasingly recognized among individuals with pandemic SARS-CoV-2 infections, but actual detection of the virus or its RNA in the central nervous system has rarely been sought or demonstrated. Severe or fatal illnesses are attributed to SARS-CoV-2, generally without attempting to evaluate for alternative causes or co-pathogens.Case presentation. A five-year-old girl with fever and headache was diagnosed with acute SARS-CoV-2-associated meningoencephalitis based on the detection of its RNA on a nasopharyngeal swab, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Serial serologic tests for SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA showed seroconversion, consistent with an acute infection. Mental status and brain imaging findings gradually worsened despite antiviral therapy and intravenous dexamethasone. Decompressive suboccipital craniectomy for brain herniation with cerebellar biopsy on day 30 of illness, shortly before death, revealed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in cerebellar tissue using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2019-nCoV Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-PCR Diagnostic Panel. On histopathology, necrotizing granulomas with numerous acid-fast bacilli were visualized, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA was detected by PCR. Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid that day was negative for mycobacterial DNA. She had no known exposures to tuberculosis and no chest radiographic findings to suggest it. All 6 family members had normal chest radiographs and negative interferon-γ release assay results. The source of her tuberculous infection was not identified, and further investigations by the local health department were not possible because of the State of Michigan-mandated lockdown for control of SARS-CoV-2 spread.Conclusion. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in cerebellar tissue and the demonstration of seroconversion in IgG and IgA assays was consistent with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection of the central nervous infection. However, the cause of death was brain herniation from her rapidly progressive central nervous system tuberculosis. SARS-CoV-2 may mask or worsen occult tuberculous infection with severe or fatal consequences.

scholarly journals The gateway reflex: breaking through the blood barriers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaoru Murakami ◽  
Yuki Tanaka ◽  
Masaaki Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Pass Through

Abstract We have been studying inflammatory diseases, with a special focus on IL-6, and discovered two concepts related to inflammation development. One is the gateway reflex, which is induced by the activation of specific neural circuits followed by establishing gateways for autoreactive CD4+ T cells to pass through blood barriers toward the central nervous system (CNS) and retina during tissue-specific inflammatory diseases. We found that the formation of these gateways is dependent on the IL-6 amplifier, which is machinery for enhanced NF-κB activation in endothelial cells at specific sites. We have found five gateway reflexes in total. Here, we introduce the gateway reflex and the IL-6 amplifier.

Psychoneuroimmunology and Related Mechanisms in Understanding Health Disparities in Vulnerable Populations

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresita L. Briones
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Parasympathetic Nerves ◽  
Three Body ◽  
State Of The Science

The nervous system as well as the endocrine system maintain extensive communication with the immune system through the influence of hormones and neurotransmitters and also by way of the hardwiring of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves to the lymphoid organs. There is now convincing evidence that the communication between these three body systems is bidirectional. This chapter will provide a succinct review of how neuroendocrine and immune functions are affected in factors that impact vulnerability, such as aging, acute infection, and central nervous system injury. Given that the relevant literature on these topics is vast, the presentation in this chapter will serve to highlight primary references that reflect state of the science in these systems of focus.

scholarly journals Acute central nervous system infection by Trypanosoma cruzi and AIDS

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasquale Gallo ◽  
Othello M. Fabião Neto ◽  
Juan M. Mira Suarez ◽  
Rover P. Borba
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Central Nervous System Infection ◽  
Patient Reported

The acute infection of the CNS by Trypanosoma cruzi acquired by blood transfusion is uncommon. The concomitance of AIDS in the patient reported shows the importance of cellular immunity in restriction of this parasite, and reinforces the problem of blood transfusion in endemic zones.

Extravascular foci ofTrypanosoma vivaxin goats: the central nervous system and aqueous humor of the eye as potential sources of relapse infections after chemotherapy

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Whitelaw ◽  
P. R. Gardiner ◽  
M. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
The Central Nervous System

SUMMARYRelapse of parasitaemia after drug treatment of trypanosome infections is normally attributed to drug-resistance on the part of the parasite, under-dosage of the drug or reinfection of the host. In addition, inaccessibility of parasites to drug through sequestration in privileged extravascular sites has been shown in the past to occur withTrypanosoma brucei, and we have obtained evidence that extravascular foci ofT. vivaxcan also serve as a source of relapsing infections. Infection of goats with a West African stock ofT. vivaxresulted in severe illness, which was fatal if untreated. During the terminal stage of an acute infection, clinical signs of central nervous system involvement were apparent. Histologically, the choroid plexus was swollen and oedematous, and in some cases meningitis or meningoencephalitis was seen. Trypanosomes could be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid, and also extravascularly in the choroid plexus and meninges. In three cases they were present in the aqueous humor, associated with corneal cloudiness or opacity. Treatment of 2 goats with the trypanocidal drug diminazene aceturate eliminated parasitaemia, but infections in both relapsed about 6 weeks later, despite trypanosomes being undetectable in the bloodstream during the intervening period. We conclude that the relapse infections were caused by re-emergence of trypanosomes from the CNS and/or the eye, where sequestered parasites may have been inaccessible to the trypanocide.

scholarly journals Expression of the Mouse Hepatitis Virus Receptor by Central Nervous System Microglia

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (14) ◽  
pp. 7828-7832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandran Ramakrishna ◽  
Cornelia C. Bergmann ◽  
Kathryn V. Holmes ◽  
Stephen A. Stohlman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Mouse Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Virus Receptor

ABSTRACT Detection of the mouse hepatitis virus receptor within the central nervous system (CNS) has been elusive. Receptor expression on microglia was reduced during acute infection and restored following immune-mediated virus control. Receptor down regulation was independent of neutrophils, NK cells, gamma interferon, or perforin. Infection of mice devoid of distinct inflammatory cells revealed CD4+ T cells as the major cell type influencing receptor expression by microglia. In addition to demonstrating receptor expression on CNS resident cells, these data suggest that transient receptor down regulation on microglia aids in establishing persistence in the CNS by assisting virus infection of other glial cell types.

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