The Effect of Thorax Temperature on Force Production during Tethered                Flight in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Drones, Workers, and                Queens

Joseph R. Coelho

doi:10.1086/physzool.64.3.30158209

The Effect of Thorax Temperature on Force Production during Tethered Flight in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Drones, Workers, and Queens

Physiological Zoology ◽

10.1086/physzool.64.3.30158209 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 823-835 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Joseph R. Coelho

Keyword(s):

Apis Mellifera ◽

Force Production ◽

Tethered Flight ◽

Thorax Temperature

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Differentiation Processes of the Ocellar Retina of the Honeybee (Apis Mellifera L.)

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100159692 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 430-431

Author(s):

Maria Anna Pabst

Keyword(s):

Apis Mellifera ◽

Distal Part ◽

Cell Layer ◽

Single Layer ◽

Photoreceptor Cells ◽

Distal Segment ◽

Compound Eyes ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Ultrastructural Studies ◽

Adult Worker

In addition to the compound eyes, honeybees have three dorsal ocelli on the vertex of the head. Each ocellus has about 800 elongated photoreceptor cells. They are paired and the distal segment of each pair bears densely packed microvilli forming together a platelike fused rhabdom. Beneath a common cuticular lens a single layer of corneagenous cells is present.Ultrastructural studies were made of the retina of praepupae, different pupal stages and adult worker bees by thin sections and freeze-etch preparations. In praepupae the ocellar anlage consists of a conical group of epidermal cells that differentiate to photoreceptor cells, glial cells and corneagenous cells. Some photoreceptor cells are already paired and show disarrayed microvilli with circularly ordered filaments inside. In ocelli of 2-day-old pupae, when a retinogenous and a lentinogenous cell layer can be clearly distinguished, cell membranes of the distal part of two photoreceptor cells begin to interdigitate with each other and so start to form the definitive microvilli. At the beginning the microvilli often occupy the whole width of the developing rhabdom (Fig. 1).

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