Gas Conductance of the Jelly Capsule of Terrestrial Frog Eggs Correlates with Embryonic Stage, Not Metabolic Demand or Ambient Po2

1991 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger S. Seymour ◽  
Fritz Geiser ◽  
David F. Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Stage ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Jelly Capsule

THE GERMAN ACCOUNTING PROFESSION — 1931 AND BEFORE: A REFLECTION OF NATIONAL IDEOLOGIES

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Harston
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Competitive Market ◽  
Embryonic Stage ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Economic Crises ◽  
Accounting Profession ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Cultural Ideologies

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the demand for independent audits and the German accounting profession evolved from the late 1800s to the early 1930s despite the absence of competitive market forces. The paper posits that cultural ideologies, specifically with respect to nationalism, paternalism and anti-individualism, provide reasons for the unique configuration of not only the German corporate/banking structures responsible for originating financial reports but the accounting profession that audited them. As the German accounting profession was in an embryonic stage, it was not capable of successfully confronting the corporate/banking alliance to significantly impact financial reporting or the demand for audits. Economic crises served as the dominant pressure for business reform and legislation mandating audits in Germany.

scholarly journals Roadmap for Stroke: Challenging the Role of the Neuronal Extracellular Matrix

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7554
Author(s):  
Ciro De Luca ◽  
Assunta Virtuoso ◽  
Nicola Maggio ◽  
Sara Izzo ◽  
Michele Papa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Neurovascular Unit ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Stroke Research ◽  
Accurate Design

Stroke is a major challenge in modern medicine and understanding the role of the neuronal extracellular matrix (NECM) in its pathophysiology is fundamental for promoting brain repair. Currently, stroke research is focused on the neurovascular unit (NVU). Impairment of the NVU leads to neuronal loss through post-ischemic and reperfusion injuries, as well as coagulatory and inflammatory processes. The ictal core is produced in a few minutes by the high metabolic demand of the central nervous system. Uncontrolled or prolonged inflammatory response is characterized by leukocyte infiltration of the injured site that is limited by astroglial reaction. The metabolic failure reshapes the NECM through matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and novel deposition of structural proteins continues within months of the acute event. These maladaptive reparative processes are responsible for the neurological clinical phenotype. In this review, we aim to provide a systems biology approach to stroke pathophysiology, relating the injury to the NVU with the pervasive metabolic failure, inflammatory response and modifications of the NECM. The available data will be used to build a protein–protein interaction (PPI) map starting with 38 proteins involved in stroke pathophysiology, taking into account the timeline of damage and the co-expression scores of their RNA patterns The application of the proposed network could lead to a more accurate design of translational experiments aiming at improving both the therapy and the rehabilitation processes.

scholarly journals Vulnerability of individual fish to capture by trawling is influenced by capacity for anaerobic metabolism

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1813) ◽  
pp. 20150603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun S. Killen ◽  
Julie J. H. Nati ◽  
Cory D. Suski
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Individual Fish ◽  
Fundamental Information ◽  
Behavioural Phenotypes ◽  
And Function

The harvest of animals by humans may constitute one of the strongest evolutionary forces affecting wild populations. Vulnerability to harvest varies among individuals within species according to behavioural phenotypes, but we lack fundamental information regarding the physiological mechanisms underlying harvest-induced selection. It is unknown, for example, what physiological traits make some individual fish more susceptible to capture by commercial fisheries. Active fishing methods such as trawling pursue fish during harvest attempts, causing fish to use both aerobic steady-state swimming and anaerobic burst-type swimming to evade capture. Using simulated trawling procedures with schools of wild minnows Phoxinus phoxinus , we investigate two key questions to the study of fisheries-induced evolution that have been impossible to address using large-scale trawls: (i) are some individuals within a fish shoal consistently more susceptible to capture by trawling than others?; and (ii) if so, is this related to individual differences in swimming performance and metabolism? Results provide the first evidence of repeatable variation in susceptibility to trawling that is strongly related to anaerobic capacity and swimming ability. Maximum aerobic swim speed was also negatively correlated with vulnerability to trawling. Standard metabolic rate was highest among fish that were least vulnerable to trawling, but this relationship probably arose through correlations with anaerobic capacity. These results indicate that vulnerability to trawling is linked to anaerobic swimming performance and metabolic demand, drawing parallels with factors influencing susceptibility to natural predators. Selection on these traits by fisheries could induce shifts in the fundamental physiological makeup and function of descendent populations.

scholarly journals Metabolic cost of calcification in bivalve larvae under experimental ocean acidification

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 941-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina A. Frieder ◽  
Scott L. Applebaum ◽  
T.-C. Francis Pan ◽  
Dennis Hedgecock ◽  
Donal T. Manahan
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Shell Formation ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Shell Size ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Shell Mass ◽  
Energy Limitation ◽  
Endogenous Reserves

Abstract Physiological increases in energy expenditure frequently occur in response to environmental stress. Although energy limitation is often invoked as a basis for decreased calcification under ocean acidification, energy-relevant measurements related to this process are scant. In this study we focus on first-shell (prodissoconch I) formation in larvae of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. The energy cost of calcification was empirically derived to be ≤ 1.1 µJ (ng CaCO3)−1. Regardless of the saturation state of aragonite (2.77 vs. 0.77), larvae utilize the same amount of total energy to complete first-shell formation. Even though there was a 56% reduction of shell mass and an increase in dissolution at aragonite undersaturation, first-shell formation is not energy limited because sufficient endogenous reserves are available to meet metabolic demand. Further studies were undertaken on larvae from genetic crosses of pedigreed lines to test for variance in response to aragonite undersaturation. Larval families show variation in response to ocean acidification, with loss of shell size ranging from no effect to 28%. These differences show that resilience to ocean acidification may exist among genotypes. Combined studies of bioenergetics and genetics are promising approaches for understanding climate change impacts on marine organisms that undergo calcification.

Vermian agenesis and unsegmented midbrain tectum

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Calogero
Keyword(s):  
Male Infant ◽  
Embryonic Stage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fine Print

✓ A male infant had spells of tachypnea leading to apnea. He had vermian agenesis and an unsegmented midbrain tectum. This identifies the time of teratogenesis at about embryonic stage XVII to XVIII (40 days gestation).

Low coronary flow relative to myocardial mass predicts heart failure in symptomatic hypertensive patients with no obstructive coronary artery disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenifer M Brown ◽  
Wunan Zhou ◽  
Brittany Weber ◽  
Sanjay Divakaran ◽  
Leanne Barrett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Myocardial Blood Flow ◽  
Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Myocardial Mass ◽  
Lv Mass ◽  
Artery Disease

Abstract Aims The transition from hypertension to heart failure (HF) remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that insufficient perfusion to match global metabolic demand, reflected by a low ratio of myocardial blood flow to global myocardial mass, may be a HF risk marker. Methods and results A retrospective cohort (n = 346) of patients with hypertension who underwent clinical positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial perfusion imaging for chest pain and/or dyspnoea at Brigham and Women’s Hospital (Boston, MA, USA) were studied. Patients without obstructive coronary artery disease by history or PET perfusion (summed stress score <3), HF, cardiomyopathy, or ejection fraction (EF) <40% were followed for HF hospitalization (primary outcome), all-cause death, and their composite. Myocardial blood flow, left ventricular (LV) mass, volumes, and EF were obtained from PET, and a ‘flow/mass ratio’ was determined as hyperaemic myocardial blood flow over LV mass indexed to body surface area. A lower flow/mass ratio was independently associated with larger end-diastolic (β = −0.44, P < 0.001) and end-systolic volume (β = −0.48, P < 0.001) and lower EF (β = 0.33, P < 0.001). A flow/mass ratio below the median was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.47 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24–4.93; P = 0.01] for HF hospitalization, 1.95 (95% CI 1.12–3.41; P = 0.02) for death, and 2.20 (95% CI 1.39–3.49; P < 0.001) for the composite. Conclusion An integrated physiological measure of insufficient myocardial perfusion to match global metabolic demand identifies subclinical hypertensive heart disease and elevated risk of HF and death in symptomatic patients with hypertension but without flow-limiting coronary artery disease.

Synthesis and phosphorylation of uvomorulin during mouse early development

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sefton ◽  
M.H. Johnson ◽  
L. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Cell Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Embryonic Stage ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Mouse Oocytes ◽  
Maternal Mrna ◽  
Embryonic Genome

The cell adhesion molecule, uvomorulin, is synthesised in both the 135 × 10(3) M(r) precursor and 120 × 10(3) M(r) mature forms on maternal mRNA templates in unfertilized and newly fertilized mouse oocytes. Synthesis on maternal message ceases during the 2-cell stage to resume later on mRNA encoded presumptively by the embryonic genome. Uvomorulin is detectable by immunoblotting at all stages upto the blastocyst stage, but shows variations in its total amount and processing with embryonic stage. Whilst only trace levels of phosphorylated uvomorulin are detectable in early and late 4-cell embryos, uvomorulin in 8-cell embryos is phosphorylated.

scholarly journals ASIC3: A Lactic Acid Sensor for Cardiac Pain

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 510-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Immke ◽  
E.W. McCleskey
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Heart Attack ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Peripheral Artery ◽  
Muscle Ischemia ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Cardiac Pain

Angina, the prototypic vasoocclusive pain, is a radiating chest pain that occurs when heart muscle gets insufficient blood because of coronary artery disease. Other examples of vasoocclusive pain include the acute pain of heart attack and the intermittent pains that accompany sickle cell anemia and peripheral artery disease. All these conditions cause ischemia � insufficient oxygen delivery for local metabolic demand — and this releases lactic acid as cells switch to anaerobic metabolism. Recent discoveries demonstrate that sensory neurons innervating the heart are richly endowed with an ion channel that is opened by, and perfectly tuned for, the lactic acid released by muscle ischemia[1,2].

RSR-13, an allosteric effector of hemoglobin, increases systemic and iliac vascular resistance in rats

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (2) ◽  
pp. H602-H613 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Kunert ◽  
J. F. Liard ◽  
D. J. Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Total Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Flow Probe ◽  
Inositol Hexaphosphate ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Allosteric Effector

Tissue O2 delivery in excess of metabolic demand may be a factor in the development of high vascular resistance in experimental models of volume-expanded hypertension. This hypothesis was previously tested in rats with an exchange transfusion of red blood cells treated with inositol hexaphosphate or an intravenous infusion of RSR-4, allosteric effectors of hemoglobin. The binding of these drugs with hemoglobin effect a conformational change in the molecule, such that the affinity for O2 is reduced. However, in both preparations, the changes in vascular resistance could have been nonspecific. The present studies used intravenous infusions of RSR-13, which did not share some of the problematic characteristics of RSR-4 and inositol hexaphosphate. Conscious instrumented rats (an electromagnetic flow probe on ascending aorta or an iliac, mesenteric, or renal Doppler flow probe) were studied for 6 h after an RSR-13 infusion of 200 mg/kg in 15 min. This dose significantly increased arterial P50 (PO2 at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated) from 38 +/- 0.8 to 58 +/- 1.4 mmHg at 1 h after the start of the infusion. In the 3rd h cardiac output fell significantly from a control value of 358 +/- 33 to 243 +/- 24 ml.kg-1.min-1 and total peripheral resistance significantly increased from 0.31 +/- 0.03 to 0.43 +/- 0.04 mmHg.ml-1.kg.min. Cardiac output and P50 returned toward control over the next few hours. Neither cardiac output nor total peripheral resistance changed in the group of rats receiving vehicle alone. In a separate group of rats, iliac flow decreased significantly to 60% of control and iliac resistance increased to 160% of control. Iliac flow increased significantly in the group of rats that received vehicle only. Although the mechanism of these changes has not been established, these results suggest that a decreased O2 affinity leads to an increased total peripheral resistance and regional vascular resistance and support the hypothesis that O2 plays a role in the metabolic autoregulation of blood flow.

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