Do Phasianid Birds Really Have Functional Salt Glands? Absence of Nasal Salt Secretion in Salt-Loaded Sand Partridges and Chukars Ammoperdix heyi and Alectoris chukar sinaica

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Thomas ◽  
A. Allan Degen ◽  
Berry Pinshow
Keyword(s):  
Salt Glands ◽  
Alectoris Chukar ◽  
Salt Secretion

scholarly journals Current Understanding of Role of Vesicular Transport in Salt Secretion by Salt Glands in Recretohalophytes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaoxia Lu ◽  
Fang Yuan ◽  
Jianrong Guo ◽  
Guoliang Han ◽  
Chengfeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vesicular Transport ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Secretion Process ◽  
Salt Secretion

Soil salinization is a serious and growing problem around the world. Some plants, recognized as the recretohalophytes, can normally grow on saline–alkali soil without adverse effects by secreting excessive salt out of the body. The elucidation of the salt secretion process is of great significance for understanding the salt tolerance mechanism adopted by the recretohalophytes. Between the 1950s and the 1970s, three hypotheses, including the osmotic potential hypothesis, the transfer system similar to liquid flow in animals, and vesicle-mediated exocytosis, were proposed to explain the salt secretion process of plant salt glands. More recently, increasing evidence has indicated that vesicular transport plays vital roles in salt secretion of recretohalophytes. Here, we summarize recent findings, especially regarding the molecular evidence on the functional roles of vesicular trafficking in the salt secretion process of plant salt glands. A model of salt secretion in salt gland is also proposed.

scholarly journals Exogenous melatonin enhances salt secretion from salt glands by upregulating the expression of ion transporter and vesicle transport genes in Limonium bicolor

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junpeng Li ◽  
Fang Yuan ◽  
Yanlu Liu ◽  
Mingjing Zhang ◽  
Yun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Transport Proteins ◽  
Vesicle Transport ◽  
Ion Transporters ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Exogenous Melatonin ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Salt Secretion

Abstract Background Salt, a common environmental stress factor, inhibits plant growth and reduces yields. Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule that regulates plant growth and can alleviate environmental stress in plants. All previous research on this topic has focused on the use of melatonin to improve the relatively low salt tolerance of glycophytes by promoting growth and enhancing antioxidant ability. It is unclear whether exogenous melatonin can increase the salt tolerance of halophytes, particularly recretohalophytes, by enhancing salt secretion from the salt glands. Results To examine the mechanisms of melatonin-mediated salt tolerance, we explored the effects of exogenous applications of melatonin on the secretion of salt from the salt glands of Limonium bicolor (a kind of recretohalophyte) seedlings and on the expression of associated genes. A pretreatment with 5 μM melatonin significantly improved the growth of L. bicolor seedlings under 300 mM NaCl. Furthermore, exogenous melatonin significantly increased the dry weight and endogenous melatonin content of L. bicolor. In addition, this treatment reduced the content of Na+ and Cl− in leaves, but increased the K+ content. Both the salt secretion rate of the salt glands and the expression level of genes encoding ion transporters (LbHTK1, LbSOS1, LbPMA, and LbNHX1) and vesicular transport proteins (LbVAMP721, LbVAP27, and LbVAMP12) were significantly increased by exogenous melatonin treatment. These results indicate that melatonin improves the salt tolerance of the recretohalophyte L. bicolor via the upregulation of salt secretion by the salt glands. Conclusions Our results showed that melatonin can upregulate the expression of genes encoding ion transporters and vesicle transport proteins to enhance salt secretion from the salt glands. Combining the results of the current study with previous research, we formulated a novel mechanism by which melatonin increases salt secretion in L. bicolor. Ions in mesophyll cells are transported to the salt glands through ion transporters located at the plasma membrane. After the ions enter the salt glands, they are transported to the collecting chamber adjacent to the secretory pore through vesicle transport and ions transporter and then are secreted from the secretory pore of salt glands, which maintain ionic homeostasis in the cells and alleviate NaCl-induced growth inhibition.

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the orbital glands of Malaclemys and other emydine turtles

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. M. Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Microscopic Anatomy ◽  
Lachrymal Gland ◽  
Light Microscopic Study ◽  
Salt Secretion

A gross anatomical and light microscopic study of the orbital regions of several stenohaline and one euryhaline emydine turtles has shown that each has two orbital glands, the Harderian and the lachrymal. The Harderian is apparently serous and is identical in all species. The lachrymal gland of all the stenohaline species is a mixed seromucous gland. In the euryhaline Malaclemys, the lachrymal gland differs in being much larger and possessing a structure which resembles to a degree other known salt glands. The lachrymal glands from Malaclemys housed in salt and in fresh water differ in size and histochemistry. Whether these differences are related to salt secretion, corneal lubrication, or some other function is not known.

The relationship between salt gland density and sodium accumulation/secretion in a wide selection from three Zoysia species

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiro Yamamoto ◽  
Masatsugu Hashiguchi ◽  
Ryo Akune ◽  
Takahito Masumoto ◽  
Melody Muguerza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Salt Accumulation ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Sodium Accumulation ◽  
Zoysia Matrella ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Salt Secretion

Several zoysiagrasses (Zoysia spp.) have been reported to have leaf-epidermal salt glands, and it has been suggested that salt gland density, salt secretion and salt tolerance are positively correlated. The economically most important Zoysia species are Zoysia japonica Steud., Zoysia matrella Merr., and Zoysia pacifica (Goudswaard) M. Hotta & Kuroki, and among these, Z. matrella is considered to be the most salt-tolerant. In this study, we investigated the salt gland density, and characterised the secretion and accumulation of Na+ of 48 accessions of the three Zoysia species. We did not find any morphological differences in salt glands of Z. japonica and Z. pacifica, but large bicellular salt glands were found only on the adaxial side of Z. matrella. In addition, salt gland density differed significantly within and between the species. Under salt stress, all accessions accumulated and secreted Na+ at different rates. Z. japonica was a salt-accumulating type, whereas Z. matrella and Z. pacifica secreted most of the absorbed salt. However, the correlation between salt gland density and salt accumulation/secretion were not observed. Furthermore, Z. pacifica had the lowest gland density but showed the highest Na+ uptake and a secretion rate similar to most salt-tolerant Z. matrella. These results suggest that response to salt stress, namely, salt accumulation/secretion, is different between species, and that salt gland density and salt secretion are not always positively correlated.

Comparison of vertebrate salt-excreting organs

1980 ◽  
Vol 238 (3) ◽  
pp. R219-R223 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Kirschner
Keyword(s):  
Transport Systems ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Chemical Gradient ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Common Mode ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Single Mechanism ◽  
Monovalent Ion ◽  
Force Data ◽  
Salt Secretion

Many marine vertebrates must excrete NaCl against a substantial chemical gradient to remain hypoionic to the environment. Salt secretion appears to be mediated by “chloride cells” found in the gills of many fish or in salt glands in elasmobranchs, reptiles, and birds. The ultrastructure of the cells is similar in all animals possessing them, as is the composition of the fluid they produce, and a common mode of function is suggested. However, the extant flux-force data cannot be reconciled with a single mechanism. They appear to suggest that various combinations of Na+-, K+-, and Cl--transport systems can operate in different epithelia, and that epithelial permeabilities may also differ. However, a solution approximately seawater in monovalent ion concentrations is produced in every case.

The lb23 mutant of recretohalophyte Limonium bicolor (Bag.) Kuntze with 20-, 24-, 28- and 32-cell salt glands shows elevated salt secretion

Flora ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 259 ◽  
pp. 151441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingying Leng ◽  
Xinxiu Dong ◽  
Chaoxia Lu ◽  
Kailun Li ◽  
Yanyu Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Glands ◽  
Limonium Bicolor ◽  
Salt Secretion

scholarly journals Exogenous melatonin enhances salt secretion from salt glands by upregulating the expression of ion transporter and vesicle transport genes in Limonium bicolor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junpeng Li ◽  
Fang Yuan ◽  
Yanlu Liu ◽  
Mingjing Zhang ◽  
Yun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Transport Proteins ◽  
Vesicle Transport ◽  
Ion Transporters ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Exogenous Melatonin ◽  
Limonium Bicolor ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Salt Secretion

Abstract Background: Salt stress inhibits plant growth and reduces yields. Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule and can regulate plant growth and alleviate environmental stress in plants. Previous research has focused on the use of melatonin to improve the relatively low salt tolerance of glycophytes by promoting growth and enhancing antioxidant ability. It is unclear whether exogenous melatonin can increase the salt tolerance of halophytes, particularly recretohalophytes, by enhancing salt secretion from the salt glands. Results: We explored the effects of exogenous applications of melatonin on the secretion of salt from the salt glands of Limonium bicolor (a kind of recretohalophyte) seedlings and on the expression of associated genes. 5 μM exogenous melatonin significantly improved the growth of L. bicolor seedlings under 300 mM NaCl. Furthermore, exogenous melatonin significantly increased the dry weight and endogenous melatonin content of L. bicolor . In addition, this treatment reduced the content of Na + and Cl – in leaves, but increased the K + content. Both the salt secretion rate of the salt glands and the expression level of genes encoding ion transporters and vesicular transport proteins were significantly increased by exogenous melatonin treatment. These results indicate that melatonin improves the salt tolerance of the recretohalophyte L. bicolor via the upregulation of salt secretion by the salt glands. Conclusions: Our results showed that melatonin can upregulate the expression of genes encoding ion transporters and vesicle transport proteins to enhance salt secretion from the salt glands. Combining the results of the current study with previous research, we formulated a novel mechanism by which melatonin increases salt secretion in L. bicolor . Ions in mesophyll cells are transported to the salt glands through ion transporters located at the plasma membrane. After the ions enter the salt glands, they are transported to the collecting chamber adjacent to the secretory pore through vesicle transport and ions transporter and then are secreted from the secretory pore of salt glands, which maintain ionic homeostasis in the cells and alleviate NaCl-induced growth inhibition.

Effect of Salt Stress on the Salt Secretion in Aeluropus littoralis

2014 ◽  
Vol 522-524 ◽  
pp. 380-384
Author(s):  
Guo Liang Han ◽  
Ming Li Liu ◽  
Na Sui
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Aeluropus Littoralis ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Mda Content ◽  
Normal Physiological Function ◽  
Secretion Rates ◽  
Salt Secretion

The effects of NaCl on the growth, the number of salt gland and salt secretion ofAeluropus littoraliswere studied at different NaCl concentrations. Results showed that with the increase of NaCl concentration, the growth ofAeluropus littoraliswas inhibited and MDA content increased gradually. With the increase of NaCl concentration, fresh weight, dry weight of single plant decreased, andA. littoralissalt secretion increased significantly. Salt gland density was significantly higher with the increase of NaCl concentration, and the total number of salt glands on the low surface was more than that on the upper surface. At the same time, the average secretion rates of individual salt glands increased. These showed that the salt glands could effectively secrete salt outside the body to keep normal physiological function.

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