Trade-Offs with Growth Limit Host Range in Complex Life-Cycle Helminths

2020 ◽  
pp. E000-E000
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Benesh ◽  
Geoff A. Parker ◽  
James C. Chubb ◽  
Kevin D. Lafferty
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Growth Limit

Puccinia subnitens: An Obscure Rust Pathogen Little-Known for More than a Century

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-111
Author(s):  
Robert M. Harveson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Narrow Host Range ◽  
Rust Diseases ◽  
Rust Pathogen

Sugar beet seedling rust, caused by Puccinia subnitens, is a rarely occurring but essentially harmless disease in sugar beet production. However, it has caused substantial but sporadic losses to commercial spinach growers. It has the typically complex life cycle of a macrocyclic rust pathogen, but is also unusual because it is one of the few documented heteroecious rust diseases where the early spore stages (pycnial and aecial) occur on the economic host while the normally damaging, repeating, uredial stage is found on the feral, noneconomic host. Most significantly, it was one of the first heteroecious rust diseases recognized to have the ability to infect numerous, distinct host species with the aecial stage while maintaining a relatively narrow host range for its uredial and telial stages. Accepted 6 June 2014. Published 25 July 2014.

scholarly journals Complex life cycle, broad host range and adaptation strategy of the intranuclear Paramecium symbiont Preeria caryophila comb. nov

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Potekhin ◽  
Michael Schweikert ◽  
Irina Nekrasova ◽  
Valerio Vitali ◽  
Sabine Schwarzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Broad Host Range

scholarly journals Biology, Ecology, and Management Strategies for Pea Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Pulse Crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramandeep Kaur Sandhi ◽  
Gadi V P Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Grass Pea ◽  
Pulse Crops

Abstract Pea aphid, Acyrthospihon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the key pests of pulse crops worldwide. The aphid has a broad host range, infesting crops such as faba bean, lupin, alfalfa, lentil, chickpea, grass pea, and pea. This broad host range with a complex life cycle and ability to quickly adapt to new environmental conditions make it difficult to control this pest. Different studies focusing on the biology, ecology, and management practices of A. pisum, along with case studies conducted on different integrated pest management strategies such as host plant resistance, cultural, genetic, biological, and chemical control are reviewed here.

scholarly journals Does a complex life cycle affect adaptation to environmental change? Genome-informed insights for characterizing selection across complex life cycle

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1964) ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly A. Albecker ◽  
Laetitia G. E. Wilkins ◽  
Stacy A. Krueger-Hadfield ◽  
Samuel M. Bashevkin ◽  
Matthew W. Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Frequency Changes

Complex life cycles, in which discrete life stages of the same organism differ in form or function and often occupy different ecological niches, are common in nature. Because stages share the same genome, selective effects on one stage may have cascading consequences through the entire life cycle. Theoretical and empirical studies have not yet generated clear predictions about how life cycle complexity will influence patterns of adaptation in response to rapidly changing environments or tested theoretical predictions for fitness trade-offs (or lack thereof) across life stages. We discuss complex life cycle evolution and outline three hypotheses—ontogenetic decoupling, antagonistic ontogenetic pleiotropy and synergistic ontogenetic pleiotropy—for how selection may operate on organisms with complex life cycles. We suggest a within-generation experimental design that promises significant insight into composite selection across life cycle stages. As part of this design, we conducted simulations to determine the power needed to detect selection across a life cycle using a population genetic framework. This analysis demonstrated that recently published studies reporting within-generation selection were underpowered to detect small allele frequency changes (approx. 0.1). The power analysis indicates challenging but attainable sampling requirements for many systems, though plants and marine invertebrates with high fecundity are excellent systems for exploring how organisms with complex life cycles may adapt to climate change.

Ultrastructural analysis of “Sensory” surface nerve endings and “putative” neurotransmitter sites in Schistosoma mansoni Miracidia

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 962-963
Author(s):  
Betty Ruth Jones ◽  
Steve Chi-Tang Pan
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Snail Host ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Basic Biology

INTRODUCTION: Schistosomiasis has been described as “one of the most devastating diseases of mankind, second only to malaria in its deleterious effects on the social and economic development of populations in many warm areas of the world.” The disease is worldwide and is probably spreading faster and becoming more intense than the overall research efforts designed to provide the basis for countering it. Moreover, there are indications that the development of water resources and the demands for increasing cultivation and food in developing countries may prevent adequate control of the disease and thus the number of infections are increasing.Our knowledge of the basic biology of the parasites causing the disease is far from adequate. Such knowledge is essential if we are to develop a rational approach to the effective control of human schistosomiasis. The miracidium is the first infective stage in the complex life cycle of schistosomes. The future of the entire life cycle depends on the capacity and ability of this organism to locate and enter a suitable snail host for further development, Little is known about the nervous system of the miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni and of other trematodes. Studies indicate that miracidia contain a well developed and complex nervous system that may aid the larvae in locating and entering a susceptible snail host (Wilson, 1970; Brooker, 1972; Chernin, 1974; Pan, 1980; Mehlhorn, 1988; and Jones, 1987-1988).

scholarly journals The evolution of life cycle assessment in European policies over three decades

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serenella Sala ◽  
Andrea Martino Amadei ◽  
Antoine Beylot ◽  
Fulvio Ardente
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Life Cycle Thinking ◽  
Environmental Footprint ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Policy Domain ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Purpose Life cycle thinking (LCT) and life cycle assessment (LCA) are increasingly considered pivotal concept and method for supporting sustainable transitions. LCA plays a relevant role in decision support, for the ambition of a holistic coverage of environmental dimensions and for the identification of hotspots, possible trade-offs, and burden shifting among life cycle stages or impact categories. These features are also relevant when the decision support is needed in policy domain. With a focus on EU policies, the present study explores the evolution and implementation of life cycle concepts and approaches over three decades. Methods Adopting an historical perspective, a review of current European Union (EU) legal acts and communications explicitly mentioning LCT, LCA, life cycle costing (LCC), and environmental footprint (the European Product and Organisation Environmental Footprint PEF/OEF) is performed, considering the timeframe from 1990 to 2020. The documents are categorised by year and according to their types (e.g. regulations, directives, communications) and based on the covered sectors (e.g. waste, energy, buildings). Documents for which life cycle concepts and approaches had a crucial role are identified, and a shortlist of these legal acts and communications is derived. Results and discussion Over the years, LCT and life cycle approaches have been increasingly mentioned in policy. From the Ecolabel Regulation of 1992, to the Green Deal in 2019, life cycle considerations are of particular interest in the EU. The present work analysed a total of 159 policies and 167 communications. While in some sectors (e.g. products, vehicles, and waste) life cycle concepts and approaches have been adopted with higher levels of prescriptiveness, implementation in other sectors (e.g. food and agriculture) is only at a preliminary stage. Moreover, life cycle (especially LCT) is frequently addressed and cited only as a general concept and in a rather generic manner. Additionally, more stringent and rigorous methods (LCA, PEF/OEF) are commonly cited only in view of future policy developments, even if a more mature interest in lifecycle is evident in recent policies. Conclusion The EU has been a frontrunner in the implementation of LCT/LCA in policies. However, despite a growing trend in this implementation, the development of new stringent and mandatory requirements related to life cycle is still relatively limited. In fact, there are still issues to be solved in the interface between science and policy making (such as verification and market surveillance) to ensure a wider implementation of LCT and LCA.

Genomic evidence that resource-based trade-offs limit host-range expansion in a seed beetle

Evolution ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1249-1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachariah Gompert ◽  
Frank J. Messina
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Seed Beetle ◽  
Host Range Expansion ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals An integrated life cycle and water footprint assessment of nonfood crops based bioenergy production

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Li ◽  
Fengyin Xiong ◽  
Zhuo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Bioenergy Production ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Hybrid Pennisetum

AbstractBiomass gasification, especially distribution to power generation, is considered as a promising way to tackle global energy and environmental challenges. However, previous researches on integrated analysis of the greenhouse gases (GHG) abatement potentials associated with biomass electrification are sparse and few have taken the freshwater utilization into account within a coherent framework, though both energy and water scarcity are lying in the central concerns in China’s environmental policy. This study employs a Life cycle assessment (LCA) model to analyse the actual performance combined with water footprint (WF) assessment methods. The inextricable trade-offs between three representative energy-producing technologies are explored based on three categories of non-food crops (maize, sorghum and hybrid pennisetum) cultivated in marginal arable land. WF results demonstrate that the Hybrid pennisetum system has the largest impact on the water resources whereas the other two technology options exhibit the characteristics of environmental sustainability. The large variances in contribution ratio between the four sub-processes in terms of total impacts are reflected by the LCA results. The Anaerobic Digestion process is found to be the main contributor whereas the Digestate management process is shown to be able to effectively mitigate the negative environmental impacts with an absolute share. Sensitivity analysis is implemented to detect the impacts of loss ratios variation, as silage mass and methane, on final results. The methane loss has the largest influence on the Hybrid pennisetum system, followed by the Maize system. Above all, the Sorghum system demonstrates the best performance amongst the considered assessment categories. Our study builds a pilot reference for further driving large-scale project of bioenergy production and conversion. The synergy of combined WF-LCA method allows us to conduct a comprehensive assessment and to provide insights into environmental and resource management.

The Output of First Stage Larvae by Cats Infested with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

1968 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 295-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Hamilton ◽  
A. W. McCaw
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Patent Period ◽  
Aelurostrongylus Abstrusus

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, the lungworm of the cat, has a world wide distribution and has been reported from countries as far apart as America, Great Britain and Palestine. It has a complex life cycle insofar as a molluscan intermediate host is essential and it is possible that auxiliary hosts also play an important part. In Britain, the incidence of active infestation of cats with the parasite has been recorded as 19·4% (Lewis, 1927) and 6·6% (Hamilton, 1966) but the latter author found that, generally, the clinical disease produced by the parasite was of a mild nature. It is known that the average patent period of the infestation in the cat is 8–13 weeks and it seems likely that, in that time, a considerable number of first stage larvae would be evacuated. Information on that point is not available and the object of the following experiment was to ascertain the number of larvae produced by cats during the course of a typical infestation.

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