Comparing the Indirect Effects between Exploiters in Predator-Prey and Host-Pathogen Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 196 (6) ◽  
pp. E144-E159
Author(s):  
Michael H. Cortez ◽  
Meghan A. Duffy
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Host Pathogen

Single-host pathogen effects on mortality and behavioral responses to predators in salamanders (Urodela: Ambystomatidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (9) ◽  
pp. 1477-1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J Parris ◽  
Alison Davis ◽  
James P Collins
Keyword(s):  
Activity Level ◽  
Ambystoma Tigrinum ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Host Behavior ◽  
Anax Junius ◽  
Tiger Salamanders ◽  
Thermal Maximum ◽  
Antipredator Responses ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Single Host

Pathogens can alter host behavior and affect the outcome of predator-prey interactions. Acute phase responses of hosts (e.g., a change in activity level or behavioral fever) often signal an infection, but the ecological consequences of host behavioral changes largely are unexplored, particularly for directly transmitted (i.e., single-host) pathogens. We performed three experiments to test the hypothesis that a pathogen, Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV), alters host behavior of Sonoran tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi Lowe, 1954) and enhances predation. In the first experiment, salamander larvae exposed to ATV experienced 48% lower mortality from dragonfly Anax junius (Drury, 1773) larvae than those in controls. Second, uninfected and infected larvae exposed to the nonlethal (caged) presence of predators did not significantly differ in their distance from the predator. Infected salamanders significantly increased their activity level relative to those in controls in predator-free conditions. Finally, ATV-infected larvae preferred significantly warmer temperatures than uninfected larvae, but larvae reared at the thermal maximum for the virus all died. High host activity level yet retention of effective antipredator responses likely benefits ATV because this single-host pathogen relies on host survival for transmission. Preference for warmer temperatures may be associated with the host response to pathogens and may help fight infection.

The direct and indirect effects of temperature on a predator–prey relationship

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 1834-1841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T Anderson ◽  
Joseph M Kiesecker ◽  
Douglas P Chivers ◽  
Andrew R Blaustein
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Prey Size ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Prey Mass ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Logistic Regression Equation ◽  
Probability Of Capture

Abiotic factors may directly influence community structure by influencing biotic interactions. In aquatic systems, where gape-limited predators are common, abiotic factors that influence organisms' growth rates potentially mediate predator–prey interactions indirectly through effects on prey size. We tested the hypothesis that temperature influences interactions between aquatic size-limited insect predators (Notonecta kirbyi) and their larval anuran prey (Hyla regilla) beyond its indirect effect on prey size. Notonecta kirbyi and H. regilla were raised and tested in predator–prey trials at one of three experimentally maintained temperatures, 9.9, 20.7, or 25.7°C. Temperature strongly influenced anuran growth and predator success; mean tadpole mass over time was positively related to temperature, while the number of prey caught was negatively related. At higher temperatures tadpoles attained greater mass more quickly, allowing them to avoid capture by notonectids. However, the probability of capture is a function of both mass and temperature; temperature was a significant explanatory variable in a logistic regression equation predicting prey capture. For a given prey mass, tadpoles raised in warmer water experienced a higher probability of capture by notonectids. Thus, rather than being static, prey size refugia are influenced directly by abiotic factors, in this case temperature. This suggests that temperature exerts differential effects on notonectid and larval anurans, leading to differences in the probability of prey capture for a given prey mass. Therefore, temperature can influence predator–prey interactions via indirect effects on prey size and direct effects on prey.

Indirect effects in predator-prey interaction: development and predation rates by immature Neoseiulus cucumeris increased by odour from its prey (Tyrophagus putrescentiae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1247-1256
Author(s):  
Xin-yao Gu ◽  
Guang-yun Li ◽  
Zhi-qiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Predatory Mites ◽  
Tyrophagus Putrescentiae ◽  
Neoseiulus Cucumeris ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Factitious Prey ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Prey Interaction ◽  
Predation Rates

Predator-prey interactions have long been of great interest to ecologists. Although the direct consumptive effects have received extensive research, indirect influences of odour derived from their conspecifics and prey on predators have largely been underestimated and overlooked. In this study, the indirect effects of predator-prey interactions were determined with predatory mites Neoseiulus cucumeris and its factitious prey Tyrophagus putrescentiae. The responses of immature N. cucumeris to mixed odour with their conspecifics and prey were determined in a laboratory experiment. Our results showed that the mixed odour with their conspecifics did not demonstrate any obvious influences on the survival rates, developmental periods, predation rates and activities of the predatory mites. Intriguingly, the predators prolonged their protonymphal stage and consumed more prey eggs when exposed to mixed odour with their prey. Our results indicated that the mixed odour with their conspecifics was weak and its influence was insignificant for this species, but the prey odour showed a signifcant influence on the growth and consumption rates of immature predators, which highlighted that the indirect influences of predator-prey interactions on the predator were substantial and cannot be neglected.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF INVASIVE EPIBIONTS ON CRAB–MUSSEL COMMUNITIES: A THEORETICAL APPROACH TO UNDERSTAND MUSSEL POPULATION DECLINE

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (01) ◽  
pp. 127-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
JINGJING LYU ◽  
LINDA A. AUKER ◽  
ANUPAM PRIYADARSHI ◽  
RANA D. PARSHAD
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Optimal Foraging Theory ◽  
Dynamical Analysis ◽  
Didemnum Vexillum ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Global Boundedness

Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) are important keystone species that have been declining in the Gulf of Maine. This could be attributed to a variety of complex factors such as indirect effects due to invasion by epibionts, which remains unexplored mathematically. Based on classical optimal foraging theory (OFT) and anti-fouling defense mechanisms of mussels, we derive an ODE model for crab–mussel interactions in the presence of an invasive epibiont, Didemnum vexillum. The dynamical analysis leads to results on stability, global boundedness and bifurcations of the model. Next, via optimal control methods, we predict various ecological outcomes. Our results have key implications for preserving mussel populations in the advent of invasion by non-native epibionts. In particular, they help us understand the changing popluation dynamics of local predator–prey communities, due to indirect effects that epibionts confer.

Community Dynamics

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-104
Author(s):  
Michael J. Fogarty ◽  
Jeremy S. Collie
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Fish Communities ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Trophic Links ◽  
The World ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Qualitative Models ◽  
Intraspecific Density Dependence

Ecological theory indicates that increasing the number of species, the number of interactions, and the strength of these interactions all tend to make communities less stable. Conversely, stability is enhanced by strong intraspecific density dependence, low connectivity, or weak trophic links. These theoretical predictions are borne out in many fish communities. Species diversity is an important metric for ecological communities. Organizing species into groups according to size, function, or diet composition can reduce the dimensionality of fish community models. Analyses of fish communities from around the world lend support to the prediction of strong compensation within functional groups, with weaker predator–prey links among groups. Size spectra describe the distribution of individuals across size classes irrespective of their species. Qualitative models can be used to assess the indirect effects of species on each other and the overall stability of the community.

scholarly journals Predators indirectly control vector-borne disease: linking predator–prey and host–pathogen models

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (42) ◽  
pp. 161-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean M. Moore ◽  
Elizabeth T. Borer ◽  
Parviez R. Hosseini
Keyword(s):  
Host Population ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Pathogen Dynamics ◽  
Pathogen Persistence ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Prevalence ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Stability

Pathogens transmitted by arthropod vectors are common in human populations, agricultural systems and natural communities. Transmission of these vector-borne pathogens depends on the population dynamics of the vector species as well as its interactions with other species within the community. In particular, predation may be sufficient to control pathogen prevalence indirectly via the vector. To examine the indirect effect of predators on vectored-pathogen dynamics, we developed a theoretical model that integrates predator–prey and host–pathogen theory. We used this model to determine whether predation can prevent pathogen persistence or alter the stability of host–pathogen dynamics. We found that, in the absence of predation, pathogen prevalence in the host increases with vector fecundity, whereas predation on the vector causes pathogen prevalence to decline, or even become extinct, with increasing vector fecundity. We also found that predation on a vector may drastically slow the initial spread of a pathogen. The predator can increase host abundance indirectly by reducing or eliminating infection in the host population. These results highlight the importance of studying interactions that, within the greater community, may alter our predictions when studying disease dynamics. From an applied perspective, these results also suggest situations where an introduced predator or the natural enemies of a vector may slow the rate of spread of an emerging vector-borne pathogen.

scholarly journals The Pseudomonas aeruginosa accessory genome elements influence virulence towards Caenorhabditis elegans

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Vasquez-Rifo ◽  
Isana Veksler-Lublinsky ◽  
Zhenyu Cheng ◽  
Frederick M. Ausubel ◽  
Victor Ambros
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Mobile Element ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Accessory Genome ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Natural Isolates

Abstract Background Multicellular animals and bacteria frequently engage in predator-prey and host-pathogen interactions, such as the well-studied relationship between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. This study investigates the genomic and genetic basis of bacterial-driven variability in P. aeruginosa virulence towards C. elegans to provide evolutionary insights into host-pathogen relationships. Results Natural isolates of P. aeruginosa that exhibit diverse genomes display a broad range of virulence towards C. elegans. Using gene association and genetic analysis, we identify accessory genome elements that correlate with virulence, including both known and novel virulence determinants. Among the novel genes, we find a viral-like mobile element, the teg block, that impairs virulence and whose acquisition is restricted by CRISPR-Cas systems. Further genetic and genomic evidence suggests that spacer-targeted elements preferentially associate with lower virulence while the presence of CRISPR-Cas associates with higher virulence. Conclusions Our analysis demonstrates substantial strain variation in P. aeruginosa virulence, mediated by specific accessory genome elements that promote increased or decreased virulence. We exemplify that viral-like accessory genome elements that decrease virulence can be restricted by bacterial CRISPR-Cas immune defense systems, and suggest a positive, albeit indirect, role for host CRISPR-Cas systems in virulence maintenance.

scholarly journals Predation on livestock as an indicator of drastic prey decline? The indirect effects of an African swine fever epidemic on predator–prey relations in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 133 ◽  
pp. 108419
Author(s):  
Daniel Klich ◽  
Maria Sobczuk ◽  
Sayantani M. Basak ◽  
Izabela A. Wierzbowska ◽  
Aimee Tallian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Predator Prey
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