scholarly journals Dopamine as a Multifunctional Neurotransmitter in Gastropod Molluscs: An Evolutionary Hypothesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 239 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-208
Author(s):  
Mark W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Hypothesis

Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de (1707–88)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Wokler
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Evolutionary Hypothesis ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
Races Of Mankind ◽  
Definition Of

Both as a scientist and as a writer, Buffon was one of the most highly esteemed figures of the European Enlightenment. In depicting the perpetual flux of the dynamic forces of Nature, he portrayed the varieties of animal and vegetable species as subject to continual change, in contrast with Linnaeus, whose system of classification based on physical descriptions alone appeared timeless. But Buffon’s definition of a species in terms of procreative power excluded the evolutionary hypothesis that any species could become transformed into another. Hybrids, as imperfect copies of their prototypes, were in his scheme ultimately destined to become sterile rather than to generate fresh species. By virtue of the same definition, he judged that the different races of mankind formed family members of a single species, since the mating of humans of all varieties was equally fertile.

A more general evolutionary hypothesis about dream function

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 972-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Montangero
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Research Data ◽  
General Hypothesis ◽  
Evolutionary Hypothesis ◽  
Dream Research ◽  
Threat Avoidance

Revonsuo's evolutionary theory of dream function is extremely interesting. However, although threat avoidance theory is well grounded in experimental data, it does not take other significant dream research data into account. The theory can be integrated into a more general hypothesis which takes these data into consideration.[Revonsuo]

Cometary evolution and cryovolcanism 1This article is part of a Special issue that honours the work of Dr. Donald M. Hunten FRSC who passed away in December 2010 after a very illustrious career.

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 807-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J.S. Belton
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Apparent Absence ◽  
Cometary Nuclei ◽  
Evolutionary Hypothesis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Cometary Activity

Recent space observations of cometary nuclei show evidence of internal (cryovolcanic) activity while retaining aspects of their primitive origins. Using discoveries made during the two most recent cometary encounters: EPOXI at 103P/Hartley 2 and Stardust-NExT at 9P/Tempel 1, we test a hypothesis for their physical evolution, which, if true, could provide a unified basis for understanding the relative ages of their surfaces and the causes of a wide range of cometary activity. We show: (i) that the categorization of 103P/Hartley 2 as hyperactive is not a reflection of the extent of activity over the surface of the nucleus for which we find a normal H2O production rate; (ii) that the heterogeneous spatial distribution of CO2 and H2O in the inner comae of 9P/Tempel 1 and 103P/Hartley 2 is best explained by processes associated with cometary activity rather than the presence of primitive compositional heterogeneities in the nucleus; and (iii) that most of the quasi-circular depressions seen on the surface of 9P/Tempel are the result of outburst activity. The apparent absence of circular depressions and large scale layering on 103P/Hartley 2 present a challenge to the evolutionary hypothesis although the small size of its nucleus may ultimately provide an explanation.

scholarly journals Why Sexually Transmitted Infections Tend to Cause Infertility: An Evolutionary Hypothesis

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. e1004111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Apari ◽  
João Dinis de Sousa ◽  
Viktor Müller
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Evolutionary Hypothesis

scholarly journals Cybernetic combatants support the importance of duels in the evolution of extreme weapons

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1928) ◽  
pp. 20200254
Author(s):  
Murray P. Fea ◽  
Romain P. Boisseau ◽  
Douglas J. Emlen ◽  
Gregory I. Holwell
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Arms Races ◽  
Contest Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Hypothesis ◽  
Animal Contest ◽  
Interstate Conflicts ◽  
One To One ◽  
A Current

A current evolutionary hypothesis predicts that the most extreme forms of animal weaponry arise in systems where combatants fight each other one-to-one, in duels. It has also been suggested that arms races in human interstate conflicts are more likely to escalate in cases where there are only two opponents. However, directly testing whether duels matter for weapon investment is difficult in animals and impossible in interstate conflicts. Here, we test whether superior combatants experience a disproportionate advantage in duels, as compared with multi-combatant skirmishes, in a system analogous to both animal and military contests: the battles fought by artificial intelligence agents in a computer war game. We found that combatants with experimentally improved fighting power had a large advantage in duels, but that this advantage deteriorated as the complexity of the battlefield was increased by the addition of further combatants. This pattern remained under the two different forms of the advantage granted to our focal artificial intelligence (AI) combatants, and became reversed when we switched the roles to feature a weak focal AI among strong opponents. Our results suggest that one-on-one combat may trigger arms races in diverse systems. These results corroborate the outcomes of studies of both animal and interstate contests, and suggest that elements of animal contest theory may be widely applicable to arms races generally.

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