scholarly journals Deconstructing the Impact of Malaria Vector Diversity on Disease Risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 196 (3) ◽  
pp. E61-E70
Author(s):  
Amber Gigi Hoi ◽  
Benjamin Gilbert ◽  
Nicole Mideo
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vector Diversity

scholarly journals Predicting distribution of malaria vector larval habitats in Ethiopia by integrating distributed hydrologic modeling with remotely sensed data

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai-Ling Jiang ◽  
Ming-Chieh Lee ◽  
Guofa Zhou ◽  
Daibin Zhong ◽  
Dawit Hawaria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Larval Habitat ◽  
Validation Dataset ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Larval Habitats ◽  
Common Land Model ◽  
The Impact

AbstractLarval source management has gained renewed interest as a malaria control strategy in Africa but the widespread and transient nature of larval breeding sites poses a challenge to its implementation. To address this problem, we propose combining an integrated high resolution (50 m) distributed hydrological model and remotely sensed data to simulate potential malaria vector aquatic habitats. The novelty of our approach lies in its consideration of irrigation practices and its ability to resolve complex ponding processes that contribute to potential larval habitats. The simulation was performed for the year of 2018 using ParFlow-Common Land Model (CLM) in a sugarcane plantation in the Oromia region, Ethiopia to examine the effects of rainfall and irrigation. The model was calibrated using field observations of larval habitats to successfully predict ponding at all surveyed locations from the validation dataset. Results show that without irrigation, at least half of the area inside the farms had a 40% probability of potential larval habitat occurrence. With irrigation, the probability increased to 56%. Irrigation dampened the seasonality of the potential larval habitats such that the peak larval habitat occurrence window during the rainy season was extended into the dry season. Furthermore, the stability of the habitats was prolonged, with a significant shift from semi-permanent to permanent habitats. Our study provides a hydrological perspective on the impact of environmental modification on malaria vector ecology, which can potentially inform malaria control strategies through better water management.

scholarly journals Consumption of dairy products and cardiovascular disease risk: results from the French prospective cohort NutriNet-Santé

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Laury Sellem ◽  
Bernard Srour ◽  
Kim G. Jackson ◽  
Serge Hercberg ◽  
Pilar Galan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Dairy Consumption ◽  
Fermented Dairy ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In France, dairy products contribute to dietary saturated fat intake, of which reduced consumption is often recommended for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. Epidemiological evidence on the association between dairy consumption and CVD risk remains unclear, suggesting either null or inverse associations. This study aimed to investigate the associations between dairy consumption (overall and specific foods) and CVD risk in a large cohort of French adults. This prospective analysis included participants aged ≥ 18 years from the NutriNet-Santé cohort (2009–2019). Daily dietary intakes were collected using 24h-dietary records. Total dairy, milk, cheese, yogurts, fermented and reduced-fat dairy intakes were investigated. CVD cases (n=1,952) included cerebrovascular (n=878 cases) and coronary heart diseases (CHD, n=1,219 cases). Multivariable Cox models were performed to investigate associations. This analysis included n=104,805 French adults (mean age at baseline 42.8 years (SD 14.6)), mean follow-up 5.5 years (SD 3.0, i.e. 579,155 persons years). There were no significant associations between dairy intakes and total CVD or CHD risks. However, the consumption of at least 160 g/d of fermented dairy (e.g. cheese and yogurts) was associated with a reduced risk of cerebrovascular diseases compared to intakes below 57 g/d (HR=0.81 [0.66-0.98], p-trend=0.01). Despite being a major dietary source of saturated fats, dairy consumption was not associated with CVD or CHD risks in this study. However, fermented dairy was associated with a lower cerebrovascular disease risk. Robust randomized controlled trials are needed to further assess the impact of consuming different dairy foods on CVD risk and potential underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Combined effects of genotype and childhood adversity shape variability of DNA methylation across age

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darina Czamara ◽  
Elleke Tissink ◽  
Johanna Tuhkanen ◽  
Jade Martins ◽  
Yvonne Awaloff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Impact

AbstractLasting effects of adversity, such as exposure to childhood adversity (CA) on disease risk, may be embedded via epigenetic mechanisms but findings from human studies investigating the main effects of such exposure on epigenetic measures, including DNA methylation (DNAm), are inconsistent. Studies in perinatal tissues indicate that variability of DNAm at birth is best explained by the joint effects of genotype and prenatal environment. Here, we extend these analyses to postnatal stressors. We investigated the contribution of CA, cis genotype (G), and their additive (G + CA) and interactive (G × CA) effects to DNAm variability in blood or saliva from five independent cohorts with a total sample size of 1074 ranging in age from childhood to late adulthood. Of these, 541 were exposed to CA, which was assessed retrospectively using self-reports or verified through social services and registries. For the majority of sites (over 50%) in the adult cohorts, variability in DNAm was best explained by G + CA or G × CA but almost never by CA alone. Across ages and tissues, 1672 DNAm sites showed consistency of the best model in all five cohorts, with G × CA interactions explaining most variance. The consistent G × CA sites mapped to genes enriched in brain-specific transcripts and Gene Ontology terms related to development and synaptic function. Interaction of CA with genotypes showed the strongest contribution to DNAm variability, with stable effects across cohorts in functionally relevant genes. This underscores the importance of including genotype in studies investigating the impact of environmental factors on epigenetic marks.

scholarly journals Quantifying the impact of current and future concentrations of air pollutants on respiratory disease risk in England

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Pannullo ◽  
Duncan Lee ◽  
Lucy Neal ◽  
Mohit Dalvi ◽  
Paul Agnew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
The Impact

A Randomized, Double Blind Clinical Study to Assess the Effects of a Gamma-oryzanol-enriched Rice Bran Oil on Lipid Profile in the Hypercholesterolemic Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. S64-S69
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cholesterol Level ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Rice Bran Oil ◽  
P Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gamma Oryzanol ◽  
The Impact

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for developing coronary artery disease. Lifestyle modification including an intake of healthy food as well as medication have approved effect in lowering serum cholesterol. Objective: The primary objective of the present study was to determine the impact of a gamma-oryzanol-enriched rice bran oil, a product of Thailand, on serum cholesterol level. Materials and Methods: A total of in 54 hypercholesterolemic patients were divided into two groups; RBOh (20,000 ppm of gammaoryzanol, n = 27), and RBOn (5,000 ppm gamma-oryzanol, n = 27). The assigned RBO (15 ml) was intake each day for 8 weeks. Fasting serum lipids were measured at baseline and at the 4th and 8th weeks of the intervention. All patients were advised about lifestyle modifications. Results: When compared to the baseline, subjects received RBOh showed a significant difference in 2 parameters including a reduction of cholesterol level at 8th weeks (p-value = 0.0101), and decrease in LDL-C level at the end of 8th weeks (p-value = 0.0013). In the group treated with RBOn, a significant increase in HDL-C level at the end of 8th weeks (p-value = 0.0303) without any effect on total cholesterol or LDL was observed. No sign of toxic effect on liver or renal functions was seen in both treatment groups. Conclusion: RBO with gamma-oryzanol-enriched could decrease cholesterol and LDL-C level in hypercholesterolemic patients. Therefore, gamma-oryzanol-enriched RBO is a functional food that may reduce cardiovascular disease risk factor. Keywords: Hypercholesterolemia, Rice bran oil, Gamma-oryzanol, Oryza sativa

Abstract 14772: Effects of Reallocating Time in Different Physical Activity Intensities and Sleep on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Asian American Women: A Cross Sectional Modeling Study

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chorong Park ◽  
Britta A Larsen ◽  
Yuhe Xia ◽  
Simona Kwon ◽  
Victoria V Dickson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Asian American Women ◽  
American Women ◽  
Wear Time ◽  
Wrist Actigraphy ◽  
Substitution Models ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB) and sleep form the finite 24-hour day; changes to one behavior result in changes to the others. Little is known about how shifting the balance of time spent in these behaviors affects cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. The purpose of this study is to model the effects of changes in PA, SB and sleep on body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP) in Asian American women, who have elevated CV risk. Methods: Normotensive middle-aged Asian American women completed 7 days of hip and wrist actigraphy monitoring (Actigraph, GT3X and GT9X) to assess 24-hour activity. Total sleep time was identified using the Cole-Kripke algorithm with sleep diaries, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), light PA and SB were classified by Freedson’s cut-points from wake time. Isotemporal substitution models were used to test effects of replacing 30 mins of each behavior with the others on BMI, WC and BP adjusting for age, education and comorbidity. Results: Data from 75 women were included (age=61.4±8.0, 57% college educated, median comorbidities=1[IQR=0-2]). On average, their days were composed of 0.5 hrs MVPA, 6.2 hrs light PA, 10 hrs SB and 5.3 hrs sleep (2.1 hrs non-wear time). In partition models, where all behaviors were entered simultaneously, more MVPA and sleep were associated with lower BMI and WC. In isotemporal substitution models that held total wear time constant (Table 1), replacing 30 mins SB with an equal amount of MVPA or sleep decreased BMI by 1.7 and 0.6 and WC by 4.1 and 1.2 cm. Replacing 30 mins light PA with MVPA or sleep decreased BMI by 1.9 and 0.9 and WC by 4.5 and 1.6 cm. None of the modeled behavior changes affected BP. Conclusion: These findings suggest that substituting 30 mins of SB or light PA with MVPA or sleep could significantly reduce Asian American women’s BMI and WC. Future studies should test the impact of behavioral interventions that promote these changes on CV risk in Asian American women.

scholarly journals Dairy Fat Consumption and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: An Examination of the Saturated Fatty Acids in Dairy

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Unger ◽  
Torres-Gonzalez ◽  
Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
The Body ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Dairy Consumption ◽  
The Impact

Lifestyle is a key modifiable risk factor involved in the manifestation of metabolic syndrome and, in particular, diet plays a pivotal role in its prevention and development. Current dietary guidelines discourage the consumption of saturated fat and dietary sources rich in saturated fat, such as dairy products, despite data suggesting that full-fat dairy consumption is protective against metabolic syndrome. This narrative review assessed the recent epidemiological and clinical research that examined the consumption of dairy-derived saturated fatty acids (SFA) on metabolic syndrome risk. In addition, this review evaluated studies of individual SFA to gain insight into the potential mechanisms at play with intake of a diet enriched with these dairy-derived fatty acids. This work underscores that SFA are a heterogenous class of fatty acids that can differ considerably in their biological activity within the body depending on their length and specific chemical structure. In summary, previous work on the impact of dairy-derived SFA consumption on disease risk suggests that there is currently insufficient evidence to support current dietary guidelines which consolidate all dietary SFA into a single group of nutrients whose consumption should be reduced, regardless of dietary source, food matrix, and composition.

scholarly journals Alcohol Pattern Consumption Differently Affects the Efficiency of Macrophage Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Vivo

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1885
Author(s):  
Daniela Greco ◽  
Simone Battista ◽  
Laura Mele ◽  
Antonio Piemontese ◽  
Bianca Papotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Cholesterol Transport ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cholesterol Transport ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Impact

It has been well established that moderate alcohol consumption inversely correlates with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, whereas binge alcohol drinking increases cardiovascular disease risk. The aim of this study was to assess in vivo the impact of different drinking patterns on reverse cholesterol transport (RCT); the atheroprotective process leading to the removal of excess cholesterol from the body. RCT was measured with a standardized, radioisotope-based technique in three groups of atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E knock out mice: Placebo group, receiving water, which would mimic the abstainers; moderate group, receiving 0.8 g/kg alcohol/day for 28 days, which would mimic a moderate intake; binge group, receiving 0.8 g/kg alcohol/day for 5 days/week, followed by the administration of 2.8 g/kg alcohol/day for 2 days/week, which would mimic a heavy intake in a short period. Mice in the binge drinking group displayed an increase in total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and non-HDL-c (all p < 0.0001 vs. placebo), and a significantly reduced elimination of fecal cholesterol. The moderate consumption did not lead to any changes in circulating lipids, but slightly improved cholesterol mobilization along the RCT pathway. Overall, our data confirm the importance of considering not only the total amount, but also the different consumption patterns to define the impact of alcohol on cardiovascular risk.

scholarly journals Postnatal persistence of sex-dependent renal developmentally programmed structural and molecular changes in nonhuman primates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Bishop ◽  
Kimberly D. Spradling-Reeves ◽  
Robert E. Shade ◽  
Kenneth J. Lange ◽  
Shifra Birnbaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Urine Metabolites ◽  
Baboon Model ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundPoor nutrition during development programs kidney function. No studies on postnatal consequences of decreased perinatal nutrition exist in nonhuman primates (NHP) for translation to human renal disease. Our baboon model of moderate maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) produces intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) and programs renal fetal phenotype. We hypothesized that the IUGR phenotype persists postnatally, influencing responses to a high-fat, high-carbohydrate, high-salt (HFCS) diet.MethodsPregnant baboons ate chow (Control; CON) or 70% of control intake (MNR) from 0.16 gestation through lactation. MNR offspring were IUGR at birth. At weaning, all offspring (CON and IUGR females and males, n=3/group) ate chow. At ~4.5 years of age, blood, urine, and kidney biopsies were collected before and after a 7-week HFCS diet challenge. Kidney function, unbiased kidney gene expression, and untargeted urine metabolomics were evaluated.ResultsIUGR female and male kidney transcriptome and urine metabolome differed from CON at 3.5 years, prior to HFCS. After the challenge, we observed sex-specific and fetal exposure-specific responses in urine creatinine, urine metabolites, and renal signaling pathways.ConclusionsWe previously showed mTOR signaling dysregulation in IUGR fetal kidneys. Before HFCS, gene expression analysis indicated that dysregulation persists postnatally in IUGR females. IUGR male offspring response to HFCS showed uncoordinated signaling pathway responses suggestive of proximal tubule injury. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing CON and IUGR postnatal juvenile NHP and the impact of fetal and postnatal life caloric mismatch. Perinatal history needs to be taken into account when assessing renal disease risk.

scholarly journals Environmental asbestos exposure and clustering of malignant mesothelioma in community: a spatial analysis in a population-based case–control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Airoldi ◽  
C. Magnani ◽  
F. Lazzarato ◽  
D. Mirabelli ◽  
S. Tunesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Malignant Mesothelioma ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Contour Plot ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Neighborhood exposure to asbestos increases the risk of developing malignant mesothelioma (MM) in residents who live near asbestos mines and asbestos product plants. The area of Casale Monferrato (Northwest Italy) was impacted by several sources of asbestos environmental pollution, due to the presence of the largest Italian asbestos cement (AC) plant. In the present study, we examined the spatial variation of MM risk in an area with high levels of asbestos pollution and secondly, and we explored the pattern of clustering. Methods A population-based case–control study conducted between 2001 and 2006 included 200 cases and 348 controls. Demographic and occupational data along with residential information were recorded. Bivariate Kernel density estimation was used to map spatial variation in disease risk while an adjusted logistic model was applied to estimate the impact of residential distance from the AC plant. Kulldorf test and Cuzick Edward test were then performed. Results One hundred ninety-six cases and 322 controls were included in the analyses. The contour plot of the cases to controls ratio showed a well-defined peak of MM incidence near the AC factory, and the risk decreased monotonically in all directions when large bandwidths were used. However, considering narrower smoothing parameters, several peaks of increased risk were reported. A constant trend of decreasing OR with increasing distance was observed, with estimates of 10.9 (95% CI 5.32–22.38) and 10.48 (95%CI 4.54–24.2) for 0–5 km and 5–10 km, respectively (reference > 15 km). Finally, a significant (p < 0.0001) excess of cases near the pollution source was identified and cases are spatially clustered relative to the controls until 13 nearest neighbors. Conclusions In this study, we found an increasing pattern of mesothelioma risk in the area around a big AC factory and we detected secondary clusters of cases due to local exposure points, possibly associated to the use of asbestos materials.

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