Individual Variation in the Social Plasticity of Water Dragons

2019 ◽  
Vol 194 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-206
Author(s):  
Kasha Strickland ◽  
Céline H. Frère
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Social Plasticity ◽  
The Social

Probes as a People-Oriented Method

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-52
Author(s):  
Connor Graham ◽  
Mark Rouncefield
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Care Setting ◽  
Technology Design ◽  
The Social ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
Technology Probes

This paper discusses some methodological aspects of the use of Probes as a people-oriented method. Different kinds of Probes are reviewed and two separate deployments are documented–Technology Probes and Informational Probes–in a care setting. The authors argue that Probes reflect a post-disciplinary era and a shift of attention beyond ‘the social’ to concerns with individual variation, materiality and the visual in technology design. It is suggested that in an era of ‘everyday development’, Probes can play an important role in providing useful insights concerning the product and potentially the process of programming-type work.

scholarly journals How does cognition shape social relationships?

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1756) ◽  
pp. 20170293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia A. F. Wascher ◽  
Ipek G. Kulahci ◽  
Ellis J. G. Langley ◽  
Rachael C. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
The Social ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

The requirements of living in social groups, and forming and maintaining social relationships are hypothesized to be one of the major drivers behind the evolution of cognitive abilities. Most empirical studies investigating the relationships between sociality and cognition compare cognitive performance between species living in systems that differ in social complexity. In this review, we ask whether and how individuals benefit from cognitive skills in their social interactions. Cognitive abilities, such as perception, attention, learning, memory, and inhibitory control, aid in forming and maintaining social relationships. We investigate whether there is evidence that individual variation in these abilities influences individual variation in social relationships. We then consider the evolutionary consequences of the interaction between sociality and cognitive ability to address whether bi-directional relationships exist between the two, such that cognition can both shape and be shaped by social interactions and the social environment. In doing so, we suggest that social network analysis is emerging as a powerful tool that can be used to test for directional causal relationships between sociality and cognition. Overall, our review highlights the importance of investigating individual variation in cognition to understand how it shapes the patterns of social relationships. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.

Rating the Magnitude of Life Stress

1972 ◽  
Vol 17 (6_suppl2) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Paykel ◽  
E. H. Uhlenhuth
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Clinical Depression ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Life Change ◽  
Substantial Agreement ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scale Scores

Three hundred and seventy-three subjects were rated on a scale of 0–20 — the degree to which each of 61 life events was regarded as upsetting. Mean scores for the events ranked in a significant way from catastrophic events such as death of child or spouse at the top end of the scale to trivial or desirable events at the bottom. There was substantial agreement between different sociodemographic groups and acceptable overall individual variation. In a pilot study of validity, scores were examined for two classes of events — exits and entrances from the social field. A previous controlled study had indicated an excess of exits but not entrances preceding clinical depression. In keeping with this difference, scale scores for exits were found to be high and for entrances low with only minimal overlap. A small study using an alternative scaling concept of adjustment to life change suggested that the scale based on upsetting was more valid for depression.

The Folk Concept of Race

2020 ◽  
pp. 167-189
Author(s):  
Edouard Machery ◽  
Luc Faucher
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variation ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Folk Concept ◽  
Biological Concept ◽  
The Social ◽  
Competing Hypotheses ◽  
Folk Biology

This chapter examines whether and how concepts vary across and within individuals (inter- and intra-individual variation) by examining what constrains variation of concepts. To address this issue, the chapter focuses on an independently interesting case study: inter- and intra-individual variation in the concept of race. The case study contrasts two competing hypotheses about the concept of race: the biological and the social hypotheses. According to the first hypothesis, the concept of race is a biological concept that is constrained by folk biology; according to the second, it is the concept of a social category. The chapter shows that people’s folk biology constrains the concept of race and thus limits how much concepts of race can vary within and across individuals.

Prologue: Autism Spectrum Disorder

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia F. Diehl
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Communication Assessment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Communication Challenges ◽  
Essential Knowledge ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into

As the need for services for children with autism and related disorders has increased, so has the need for information about communication assessment and intervention for these children. Each of the articles in this forum considers essential knowledge for meeting the social, behavioral, and communication challenges presented by this population, as well as considerations for the individual variation noted within this population. It is hoped that the knowledge contained in this forum will provide interdisciplinary insight into the challenges of autism and related disorders and a research-based framework for making assessment and intervention decisions.

Introduction: Reconciling approaches to intra-individual variation in psycholinguistics and variationist sociolinguistics

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (s2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Bülow ◽  
Simone E. Pfenninger
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Current Issue ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Language Variation And Change ◽  
Methodological Innovation ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Variationist Sociolinguistics

Abstract The overall theme of this special issue is intra-individual variation, that is, the observable variation within individuals’ behaviour, which plays an important role in the humanities area as well as in the social sciences. While various fields have recognised the complexity and dynamism of human thought and behaviour, intra-individual variation has received less attention in regard to language acquisition, use and change. Linguistic research so far lacks both empirical and theoretical work that provides detailed information on the occurrence of intra-individual variation, the reasons for its occurrence and its consequences for language development as well as for language variation and change. The current issue brings together two subdisciplines – psycholinguistics and variationist sociolinguistics – in juxtaposing systematic and non-systematic intra-individual variation, thereby attempting to build a cross-fertilisation relationship between two disciplines that have had surprisingly little connection so far. In so doing, we address critical stock-taking, meaningful theorizing and methodological innovation.

Cultural Probes as a People-Oriented Method

2018 ◽  
pp. 132-173
Author(s):  
Connor Graham ◽  
Mark Rouncefield
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Care Setting ◽  
Technology Design ◽  
The Social ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
Technology Probes

This chapter reflects on some of the methodological aspects of the use of cultural probes (or probes) and the extent to which they constitute a people-oriented method. The authors review different kinds of probes, documenting and analyzing two separate deployments—technology probes and informational probes—in a care setting. They suggest that probes, when deployed in this fashion, reflect a “post-disciplinary” era of “messy” data and a shift of attention beyond “the social” to greater concern with individual variation, personal aggregated datasets in technology design, materiality, and the visual. The authors also suggest that in an era of big data, through considering everyday development in terms of personhood, everyday technology and practice, probes can play an important role in providing insights concerning the product of people-oriented programming and, potentially, its process.

scholarly journals Temporal variation of human encounters and the number of locations in which they occur: a longitudinal study of Hong Kong residents

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (138) ◽  
pp. 20170838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kin On Kwok ◽  
Ben Cowling ◽  
Vivian Wei ◽  
Steven Riley ◽  
Jonathan M. Read
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Contact Rates ◽  
The Social ◽  
Population Scale

Patterns of social contact between individuals are important for the transmission of many pathogens and shaping patterns of immunity at the population scale. To refine our understanding of how human social behaviour may change over time, we conducted a longitudinal study of Hong Kong residents. We recorded the social contact patterns for 1450 individuals, up to four times each between May 2012 and September 2013. We found individuals made contact with an average of 12.5 people within 2.9 geographical locations, and spent an average estimated total duration of 9.1 h in contact with others during a day. Distributions of the number of contacts and locations in which contacts were made were not significantly different between study waves. Encounters were assortative by age, and the age mixing pattern was broadly consistent across study waves. Fitting regression models, we examined the association of contact rates (number of contacts, total duration of contact, number of locations) with covariates and calculated the inter- and intra-participant variation in contact rates. Participant age was significantly associated with the number of contacts made, the total duration of contact and the number of locations in which contact occurred, with children and parental-age adults having the highest rates of contact. The number of contacts and contact duration increased with the number of contact locations. Intra-individual variation in contact rate was consistently greater than inter-individual variation. Despite substantial individual-level variation, remarkable consistency was observed in contact mixing at the population scale. This suggests that aggregate measures of mixing behaviour derived from cross-sectional information may be appropriate for population-scale modelling purposes, and that if more detailed models of social interactions are required for improved public health modelling, further studies are needed to understand the social processes driving intra-individual variation.

scholarly journals Evidence of social niche construction: persistent and repeated social interactions generate stronger personalities in a social spider

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1783) ◽  
pp. 20133166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate L. Laskowski ◽  
Jonathan N. Pruitt
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Social Spider ◽  
Niche Specialization ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Niche

While there are now a number of theoretical models predicting how consistent individual differences in behaviour may be generated and maintained, so far, there are few empirical tests. The social niche specialization hypothesis predicts that repeated social interactions among individuals may generate among-individual differences and reinforce within-individual consistency through positive feedback mechanisms. Here, we test this hypothesis using groups of the social spider Stegodyphus mimosarum that differ in their level of familiarity. In support of the social niche specialization hypothesis, individuals in groups of spiders that were more familiar with each other showed greater repeatable among-individual variation in behaviour. Additionally, individuals that were more familiar with each other exhibited lower within-individual variation in behaviour, providing one of the first examples of how the social environment can influence behavioural consistency. Our study demonstrates the potential for the social environment to generate and reinforce consistent individual differences in behaviour and provides a potentially general mechanism to explain this type of behavioural variation in animals with stable social groups.

scholarly journals Individual differences in intra-speaker variation: t-glottalling in England and Scotland

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Schleef
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Stylistic Variation ◽  
Linguistic Feature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Style Shifting ◽  
Style Shift

AbstractThis paper explores stylistic variation in the use of word-medial and word-final released and glottalled /t/ in London and Edinburgh. Specifically, it investigates the extent to which the social salience of a linguistic feature constrains individual differences in the degree and direction of intra-individual variation. Variation in the social salience of t-glottalling is explored in two linguistic contexts: word-medially, where it is high in London and somewhat lower in Edinburgh, and word-finally, where it is lower than in medial position in both places. Data is based on paired sociolinguistic interviews of 24 London-born adolescents and 21 Edinburgh-born adolescents. Results suggest that while style-shifting norms from speech to reading differ between London and Edinburgh adolescents, they are similar within the communities. However, there are many individual differences in the degree and direction of style-shifting and the latter are more pronounced in final position, where the social salience is weaker. There is also a somewhat large number of Edinburgh adolescents who diverge from the majority norm in medial position and who do not style-shift at all.

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