scholarly journals Causal Selection and the Pathway Concept

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren N. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Causal Selection

scholarly journals How pills undermine skills: Moralization of cognitive enhancement and causal selection

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 103120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilian Mihailov ◽  
Blanca Rodríguez López ◽  
Florian Cova ◽  
Ivar R. Hannikainen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Enhancement ◽  
Causal Selection

Social Attribution and Explanation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Hilton
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Situation Models ◽  
Causal Connection ◽  
Human Visual Perception ◽  
Social Attribution ◽  
Text Understanding ◽  
Causal Selection ◽  
Partial Correction

Attribution processes appear to be an integral part of human visual perception, as low-level inferences of causality and intentionality appear to be automatic and are supported by specific brain systems. However, higher-order attribution processes use information held in memory or made present at the time of judgment. While attribution processes about social objects are sometimes biased, there is scope for partial correction. This chapter reviews work on the generation, communication, and interpretation of complex explanations, with reference to explanation-based models of text understanding that result in situation models of narratives. It distinguishes between causal connection and causal selection, and suggests that a factor will be discounted if it is not perceived to be connected to the event and backgrounded if it is perceived to be causally connected to that event, but is not selected as relevant to an explanation. The final section focuses on how interpersonal explanation processes constrain causal selection.

scholarly journals Immoral professors and malfunctioning tools: Counterfactual relevance accounts explain the effect of norm violations on causal selection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Scott Phillips ◽  
Jonathan F. Kominsky
Keyword(s):  
Norm Violations ◽  
Causal Selection ◽  
Supporting Materials

This repository contains the supporting materials for the manuscript: Jonathan Kominsky & Jonathan Phillips, (submitted). Immoral professors and malfunctioning tools: Counterfactual relevance accounts explain the effect of norm violations on causal selection.

The role of prescriptive norms and knowledge in children’s and adults’ causal selection.

2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Samland ◽  
Marina Josephs ◽  
Michael R. Waldmann ◽  
Hannes Rakoczy
Keyword(s):  
Causal Selection

Writing History and Accident Reports: A Metaphorical Analysis

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 631-641
Author(s):  
Wilse B. Webb
Keyword(s):  
History Of ◽  
Causal Selection ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Metaphorical Analysis

This paper takes the writing of an accident report as a metaphor for the writing of history in general. Accident reports are telic analyses in which the consequences determine the antecedents. Such analyses are subject to the purposes and expertise of the observer. The causes of accidents may be infinite in number and regress into infinity. The focussing of the search is dependent upon the definition of the event and the focussing schema used may contain gaps or distractions. The methods for causal selection are poorly developed and the methods of verification lack objectivity. The report often fails the recipient. The extent to which the writing of the history of an accident is analogous to the writing of history in general determines the extent of these problems for all historians.

scholarly journals The good, the bad, and the timely: how temporal order and moral judgment influence causal selection

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Reuter ◽  
Lara Kirfel ◽  
Raphael van Riel ◽  
Luca Barlassina
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Causal Selection

scholarly journals How Pills Undermine Skills: Moralization of Cognitive Enhancement and Causal Selection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilian Mihailov ◽  
Blanca Rodríguez López ◽  
Florian Cova ◽  
Ivar Rodríguez Hannikainen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Enhancement ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Causal Contribution ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Causal Selection

Despite the promise to boost human potential and wellbeing, enhancement drugs face recurring ethical scrutiny. The present studies examined attitudes toward cognitive enhancement in order to learn more about these ethical concerns, who has them, and the circumstances in which they arise. Fairness-based concerns underlay opposition to competitive use—even though enhancement drugs were described as legal, accessible and affordable. Moral values also influenced how subsequent rewards were causally explained: Opposition to competitive use reduced the causal contribution of the enhanced winner’s skill, particularly among fairness-minded individuals. In a follow-up study, we asked: Would the normalization of cognitive enhancement alleviate concerns about its unfairness? Indeed, proliferation of competitive cognitive enhancement eradicated fairness-based concerns, and boosted the causal role of the winner’s skill. In contrast, purity-based concerns emerged in both recreational and competitive contexts, and were not assuaged by normalization.

scholarly journals Quantitative causal selection patterns in token causation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Morris ◽  
Jonathan Scott Phillips ◽  
Tobias Gerstenberg ◽  
Fiery Andrews Cushman
Keyword(s):  
Good Reason ◽  
Causal Judgment ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
Prior Probabilities ◽  
Causal Judgments ◽  
Causal Selection

When many events contributed to an outcome, people consistently judge some more causal than others, based in part on the prior probabilities of those events. For instance, when a tree bursts into flames, people judge the lightning strike more of a cause than the presence of oxygen in the air -- in part because oxygen is so common, and lightning strikes are so rare. These effects, which play a major role in several prominent theories of token causation, have largely been studied through qualitative manipulations of the prior probabilities. Yet, there is good reason to think that people's causal judgments are on a continuum -- and relatively little is known about how these judgments vary quantitatively as the prior probabilities change. In this paper, we measure people's causal judgment across parametric manipulations of the prior probabilities of antecedent events. Our experiments replicate previous qualitative findings, and also reveal several novel patterns that are not well-described by existing theories.

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