Evolutionary Divergence of Adult Body Size and Juvenile Growth in Sympatric Subpopulations of a Top Predator in Aquatic Ecosystems

2015 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petter Tibblin ◽  
Anders Forsman ◽  
Per Koch-Schmidt ◽  
Oscar Nordahl ◽  
Peter Johannessen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Juvenile Growth ◽  
Top Predator ◽  
Adult Body Size ◽  
Adult Body

scholarly journals Regulation of Body Size and Growth Control

Genetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 216 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Texada ◽  
Takashi Koyama ◽  
Kim Rewitz
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Juvenile Growth ◽  
Organ Growth ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Adult Body Size ◽  
Steroid Signaling ◽  
Adult Body

The control of body and organ growth is essential for the development of adults with proper size and proportions, which is important for survival and reproduction. In animals, adult body size is determined by the rate and duration of juvenile growth, which are influenced by the environment. In nutrient-scarce environments in which more time is needed for growth, the juvenile growth period can be extended by delaying maturation, whereas juvenile development is rapidly completed in nutrient-rich conditions. This flexibility requires the integration of environmental cues with developmental signals that govern internal checkpoints to ensure that maturation does not begin until sufficient tissue growth has occurred to reach a proper adult size. The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway is the primary cell-autonomous nutrient sensor, while circulating hormones such as steroids and insulin-like growth factors are the main systemic regulators of growth and maturation in animals. We discuss recent findings in Drosophila melanogaster showing that cell-autonomous environment and growth-sensing mechanisms, involving TOR and other growth-regulatory pathways, that converge on insulin and steroid relay centers are responsible for adjusting systemic growth, and development, in response to external and internal conditions. In addition to this, proper organ growth is also monitored and coordinated with whole-body growth and the timing of maturation through modulation of steroid signaling. This coordination involves interorgan communication mediated by Drosophila insulin-like peptide 8 in response to tissue growth status. Together, these multiple nutritional and developmental cues feed into neuroendocrine hubs controlling insulin and steroid signaling, serving as checkpoints at which developmental progression toward maturation can be delayed. This review focuses on these mechanisms by which external and internal conditions can modulate developmental growth and ensure proper adult body size, and highlights the conserved architecture of this system, which has made Drosophila a prime model for understanding the coordination of growth and maturation in animals.

Grass-flower thrips of the genus Chirothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), with a key to species from Iran

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2411 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAMBIZ MINAEI ◽  
LAURENCE MOUND
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
Adult Body Size ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
New Synonym ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Structural Differences

Species of the genus Chirothrips Haliday breed and pupate only within grass florets. Each larva is restricted to a single floret, and adult body size is thus presumably related to floret size. Despite this, some Chirothrips species are distinguished only on states that are related to body size. The validity of some commonly recorded members of the C. manicatus species-group, including C. africanus and C. pallidicornis, is therefore considered questionable. Character states that have been used to define the genus Agrostothrips Hood are shown to be variable, and this genus is placed as a new synonym of Chirothrips. An identification key, based on illustrated structural differences, is provided to the Chirothrips known from Iran: C. aculeatus, C. atricorpus, C. kurdistanus, C. manicatus, C. meridionalis and C. molestus.

scholarly journals Childhood retardation resulting in reduction of adult body size due to lesser adolescent skeletal delay

1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Roberto Frisancho ◽  
Stanley M. Garn ◽  
Werner Ascoli
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Adult Body Size ◽  
Adult Body

Geographical and latitudinal variation in growth patterns and adult body size of Swedish moose (Alces alces)

Oecologia ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
H�kan Sand ◽  
G�ran Cederlund ◽  
Kjell Danell
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Alces Alces ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Latitudinal Variation ◽  
Adult Body Size ◽  
Adult Body

scholarly journals Associations between prenatal and postnatal growth and adult body size and composition

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 1498-1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haojie Li ◽  
Aryeh D Stein ◽  
Huiman X Barnhart ◽  
Usha Ramakrishnan ◽  
Reynaldo Martorell
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Adult Body Size ◽  
Adult Body

The role of thermal environment in determining the life history of a terrestrial salamander

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 1702-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos D Camp ◽  
Jeremy L Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Size At Maturity ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Age At Maturity ◽  
Adult Body Size ◽  
Adult Body

Largely using previously published data, we analyzed geographic variation in adult body size of terrestrial salamanders of the Plethodon glutinosus complex. Maximum body size of adult males is determined by size at maturity. In turn, size at maturity is determined by a negative relationship with environmental temperature. Moreover, both age at maturity and growth rate are correlated with size at maturity, but apparently only as coincidental correlates through the influence of temperature. The number of degree-days, estimated using temperature data from respective geographic locations, accurately predicts age at maturity for salamanders living in these areas. Development under cooler thermal regimes is more depressed than growth and, consequentially, adult body sizes are greater in cooler climates. This pattern of size variation fits thermal predictive models proposed for larval development in amphibians that breed in ponds. Phenotypic variation in adult body size appears to be accounted for largely by plastic responses to variation in thermal environments and may reflect a single reaction norm for the complex.

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