Relationship between Fish Size and Metabolic Rate in the Oxyconforming Inanga Galaxias maculatus Reveals Size-Dependent Strategies to Withstand Hypoxia

2013 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 740-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio A. Urbina ◽  
Chris N. Glover
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Galaxias Maculatus

scholarly journals Approaches for testing hypotheses for the hypometric scaling of aerobic metabolic rate in animals

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (5) ◽  
pp. R879-R894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon F. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Compensatory Responses ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Interspecific Comparisons

Hypometric scaling of aerobic metabolism [larger organisms have lower mass-specific metabolic rates (MR/g)] is nearly universal for interspecific comparisons among animals, yet we lack an agreed upon explanation for this pattern. If physiological constraints on the function of larger animals occur and limit MR/g, these should be observable as direct constraints on animals of extant species and/or as evolved responses to compensate for the proposed constraint. There is evidence for direct constraints and compensatory responses to O2 supply constraint in skin-breathing animals, but not in vertebrates with gas-exchange organs. The duration of food retention in the gut is longer for larger birds and mammals, consistent with a direct constraint on nutrient uptake across the gut wall, but there is little evidence for evolving compensatory responses to gut transport constraints in larger animals. Larger placental mammals (but not marsupials or birds) show evidence of greater challenges with heat dissipation, but there is little evidence for compensatory adaptations to enhance heat loss in larger endotherms, suggesting that metabolic rate (MR) more generally balances heat loss for thermoregulation in endotherms. Size-dependent patterns in many molecular, physiological, and morphological properties are consistent with size-dependent natural selection, such as stronger selection for neurolocomotor performance and growth rate in smaller animals and stronger selection for safety and longevity in larger animals. Hypometric scaling of MR very likely arises from different mechanisms in different taxa and conditions, consistent with the diversity of scaling slopes for MR.

scholarly journals Into turbulent air: size-dependent effects of von Kármán vortex streets on hummingbird flight kinematics and energetics

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1783) ◽  
pp. 20140180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor M. Ortega-Jimenez ◽  
Nir Sapir ◽  
Marta Wolf ◽  
Evan A. Variano ◽  
Robert Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Flight Control ◽  
Control Flow ◽  
Wingbeat Frequency ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Vortex Streets ◽  
Body Roll ◽  
Karman Vortex ◽  
Vertical Cylinders ◽  
Energetic Expenditure

Animal fliers frequently move through a variety of perturbed flows during their daily aerial routines. However, the extent to which these perturbations influence flight control and energetic expenditure is essentially unknown. Here, we evaluate the kinematic and metabolic consequences of flight within variably sized vortex shedding flows using five Anna's hummingbirds feeding from an artificial flower in steady control flow and within vortex wakes produced behind vertical cylinders. Tests were conducted at three horizontal airspeeds (3, 6 and 9 m s −1 ) and using three different wake-generating cylinders (with diameters equal to 38, 77 and 173% of birds' wing length). Only minimal effects on wing and body kinematics were demonstrated for flight behind the smallest cylinder, whereas flight behind the medium-sized cylinder resulted in significant increases in the variances of wingbeat frequency, and variances of body orientation, especially at higher airspeeds. Metabolic rate was, however, unchanged relative to that of unperturbed flight. Hummingbirds flying within the vortex street behind the largest cylinder exhibited highest increases in variances of wingbeat frequency, and of body roll, pitch and yaw amplitudes at all measured airspeeds. Impressively, metabolic rate under this last condition increased by up to 25% compared with control flights. Cylinder wakes sufficiently large to interact with both wings can thus strongly affect stability in flight, eliciting compensatory kinematic changes with a consequent increase in flight metabolic costs. Our findings suggest that vortical flows frequently encountered by aerial taxa in diverse environments may impose substantial energetic costs.

Ontogenetic changes in heterogeneity of parasite communities of fish: disentangling the relative role of compositional versus abundance variability

Parasitology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. TIMI ◽  
A. L. LANFRANCHI
Keyword(s):  
Average Distance ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Compositional Homogeneity ◽  
Compositional Variability ◽  
Parasite Assemblages

SUMMARYIn order to determine how much of the variability in parasite assemblages is driven by differences in composition or in abundance we used multivariate dispersions (average distance from infracommunities to their size class centroid in the multivariate space) as a measurement ofβ-diversity in infracommunities ofConger orbignianus, applying a set of dissimilarity measures with different degrees of emphasis on composition versus relative abundance information. To evaluate comparatively the rate of such changes, we also analysed the effect of host size by regressing differences inβ-diversity among size classes against differences in mean fish size. Multivariate dispersions varied along an ontogenetic gradient, its significance depending on the measurement used. Larger fish showed higher richness and abundance; however, smaller fish displayed lower variations in abundance but higher in composition. This could be caused by stochastic encounters at low densities due to the overdispersion of parasites in previous hosts. As fish grow, the composition of their parasite assemblages becomes homogenized by repeated exposure, with abundance thus arising as the main source of variability. Both variables act at different rates, with the exponential decay in the compositional variability as differences in fish size increase being about twice as steep as the decay in abundance variability, indicating that compositional homogeneity is reached faster than abundance heterogeneity as fish grow. Discerning between both variables is crucial in order to understand how community structure is formed by size-dependent variability of host populations.

scholarly journals Body size-dependent energy storage causes Kleiber’s law scaling of the metabolic rate in planarians

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen C. Rink ◽  
Albert Thommen ◽  
Steffen Werner ◽  
Olga Frank ◽  
Jenny Philipp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Scaling Law ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Kleiber’S Law

AbstractKleiber’s law, or the ¾-power law scaling of the metabolic rate with body mass, is considered one of the few quantitative laws in biology, yet its physiological basis remains unknown. Here, we report Kleiber’s law scaling in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Its reversible and life history-independent changes in adult body size over 2 orders of magnitude reveal that Kleiber’s law does not emerge from the size-dependent decrease in cellular metabolic rate, but from a size-dependent increase in mass per cell. Through a combination of experiment and theoretical analysis of the organismal energy balance, we further show that the mass allometry is caused by body size dependent energy storage. Our results reveal the physiological origins of Kleiber’s law in planarians and thus have general implications for understanding a fundamental scaling law in biology.

scholarly journals Author response: Body size-dependent energy storage causes Kleiber’s law scaling of the metabolic rate in planarians

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Thommen ◽  
Steffen Werner ◽  
Olga Frank ◽  
Jenny Philipp ◽  
Oskar Knittelfelder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Author Response ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Kleiber’S Law

Size-Dependent Spatial Distribution of Hake (Merluccius capensis and Merluccius paradoxus) in Namibian Waters

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 2095-2099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Gordoa ◽  
Carlos M. Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Size Dependence ◽  
Fish Density ◽  
Fish Mortality ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Fishing Pressure ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Shoaling Behaviour ◽  
Density And Biomass

Data on hake (Merluccius capensis and Merluccius paradoxus) abundance along the Namibian coast showed both species to have strongly aggregated spatial distributions. In addition, average fish size increased with depth, suggesting that the formation of hake aggregation is based on size-dependent shoaling behaviour. Hake spacing was size dependent with areal fish density and biomass being scaled to the −5 and −2 power, respectively, of fish length. The equations describing the size dependence of the areal fish density were log density (fish∙m−2) = 5.06-4.91 log size (cm) for M. capensis and log density (fish∙m−2) = 5.28-4.74 log size (cm) for (M. paradoxus). The maximum areal densities, presumably corresponding to those within the shoals, exceeded those described by the equations above by 20- and 13-fold for M. capensis and M. paradoxus, respectively. The size dependence of hake spacing implies that fishing pressure targeting aggregates of small hake (i.e. shallow shoals) should have a disproportionate effect on fish mortality and recruitment compared with similar fishing pressure targeting aggregates of larger hake (i.e. deep shoals).

scholarly journals Body size-dependent energy storage causes Kleiber’s law scaling of the metabolic rate in planarians

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Thommen ◽  
Steffen Werner ◽  
Olga Frank ◽  
Jenny Philipp ◽  
Oskar Knittelfelder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Scaling Law ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Kleiber’S Law

Kleiber’s law, or the 3/4 -power law scaling of the metabolic rate with body mass, is considered one of the few quantitative laws in biology, yet its physiological basis remains unknown. Here, we report Kleiber’s law scaling in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Its reversible and life history-independent changes in adult body mass over 3 orders of magnitude reveal that Kleiber’s law does not emerge from the size-dependent decrease in cellular metabolic rate, but from a size-dependent increase in mass per cell. Through a combination of experiment and theoretical analysis of the organismal energy balance, we further show that the mass allometry is caused by body size dependent energy storage. Our results reveal the physiological origins of Kleiber’s law in planarians and have general implications for understanding a fundamental scaling law in biology.

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