Assessing the Contribution of the Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill to Growth in the U.S. Incarceration Rate

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Raphael ◽  
Michael A. Stoll
Keyword(s):  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Incarceration Rate ◽  
The U.S

Mass Incarceration, Macrosociology, and the Poor

2013 ◽  
Vol 647 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Western ◽  
Christopher Muller
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Penal System ◽  
Incarceration Rate ◽  
Single Parenthood ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Aggregate Effects ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. prison and jail population has grown fivefold in the 40 years since the early 1970s. The aggregate consequences of the growth in the penal system are widely claimed but have not been closely studied. We survey evidence for the aggregate relationship among the incarceration rate, employment rates, single-parenthood, public opinion, and crime. Employment among very low-skilled men has declined with rising incarceration. Punitive sentiment in public opinion has also softened as imprisonment increased. Single-parenthood and crime rates, however, are not systematically related to incarceration. We conclude with a discussion of the conceptual and empirical challenges that come with assessing the aggregate effects of mass incarceration on American poverty.

Incarcerated People

2019 ◽  
pp. 175-194
Author(s):  
Ernest Drucker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Drug Laws ◽  
Incarceration Rate ◽  
Nonviolent Offenders ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Former Prisoners ◽  
Prison Health ◽  
The U.S

The United States has 5% of the world’s population, but 25% of all prisoners. At any given time, more than 7 million Americans are under the control of the criminal justice system. The U.S. national incarceration rate is the highest in the world—almost 750 per 100,000 people. The operation of private “for-profit” prisons has become a significant feature of the U.S. correctional system. This chapter describes how social injustice affects the health of incarcerated people and their families. In addition, it addresses the root and underlying issues related to the high incarceration rate in the United States. The chapter addresses what needs to be done, including reducing incarceration for nonviolent offenders, improving community services, improving prison health services, reforming drug laws, providing assistance to family members, and enabling former prisoners to vote. A text box addresses political prisoners in other countries.

Incarceration and Crime

2016 ◽  
Vol 664 (1) ◽  
pp. 196-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Lofstrom ◽  
Steven Raphael
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
County Level ◽  
Auto Theft ◽  
Incarceration Rate ◽  
Synthetic Cohort ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
The U.S

Recent reforms in California caused a sharp and permanent reduction in the state’s incarceration rate. We evaluate the effects of that incarceration decline on local crime rates. Our analysis exploits the large variation across California counties in the effect of this reform on county-specific prison incarceration rates. We find very little evidence that the large reduction in California incarceration had an effect on violent crime, and modest evidence of effects on property crime, auto theft in particular. These effects are considerably smaller than existing estimates based on panel data for periods of time when the U.S. incarceration rate was considerably lower. We corroborate these cross-county results with a synthetic-cohort analysis of state crime rates in California. The statewide analysis confirms our findings from the county-level analysis. In line with with previous research, the results from this study support the hypothesis of a crime-prison effect that diminishes with increased reliance on incarceration.

Lathrop, Julia Clifford

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larraine M. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Child Welfare ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Mental Hygiene ◽  
Mental Hygiene Clinic ◽  
The U.S

Julia Clifford Lathrop (1858–1932), an advocate of child welfare and mentally ill people, helped found the country's first children's mental hygiene clinic, the Juvenile Psychopathic Institute, in 1909. She became the first director of the U.S. Children's Bureau in 1912.

Two Year Follow-Up Study of an Outreach Program in Geriatric Psychiatry*

1983 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 367-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Houston
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Community Outreach ◽  
Outreach Program ◽  
Outreach Programs ◽  
Provincial Hospital ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
The U.S

In Canada and the U.S. the percentage of elderly people is increasing and more funds are being spent on institutional programs. Yet many are not so impaired that they cannot be looked after by relatives. A number of community outreach programs are available. From an inpatient psychogeriatric unit in Hamilton Provincial Hospital an outreach program is described. A follow-up study was done during a 2 year period by contacting the referral sources. The 24.7% who had been admitted were compared with the 75.9% who remained in the community. While patients’ relatives and referring sources were mostly pleased with the assessments, and those patients not admitted were less institutionalized, those admitted with affective disorder showed a higher recovery rate than those remaining in the community. The total number admitted to hospital showed a lower mortality rate than those not admitted, even though the latter were considered less mentally ill because of the criteria for admission to the hospital.

Historical Introduction

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 2-5
Author(s):  
R. D. Heidenreich
Keyword(s):  
Electron Emission ◽  
Secondary Electron ◽  
Secondary Electron Emission ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Secondary Emission ◽  
Wave Nature ◽  
Nobel Prize In Physics ◽  
Primary Electrons ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Mutual Agreement

This program has been organized by the EMSA to commensurate the 50th anniversary of the experimental verification of the wave nature of the electron. Davisson and Germer in the U.S. and Thomson and Reid in Britian accomplished this at about the same time. Their findings were published in Nature in 1927 by mutual agreement since their independent efforts had led to the same conclusion at about the same time. In 1937 Davisson and Thomson shared the Nobel Prize in physics for demonstrating the wave nature of the electron deduced in 1924 by Louis de Broglie.The Davisson experiments (1921-1927) were concerned with the angular distribution of secondary electron emission from nickel surfaces produced by 150 volt primary electrons. The motivation was the effect of secondary emission on the characteristics of vacuum tubes but significant deviations from the results expected for a corpuscular electron led to a diffraction interpretation suggested by Elasser in 1925.

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