Leaf Shape and Size Differentiation in White Oaks: Assessment of Allometric Relationships among Three Sympatric Species and Their Hybrids

2012 ◽  
Vol 173 (8) ◽  
pp. 875-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Viscosi ◽  
Gaby Antonecchia ◽  
Olivier Lepais ◽  
Paola Fortini ◽  
Sophie Gerber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Shape And Size

scholarly journals The significance of shared leaf shape in Alseuosmia pusilla and Pseudowintera colorata

Botany ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 555-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl G. Yager ◽  
H. Martin Schaefer ◽  
Kevin S. Gould
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Altitudinal Gradient ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Leaf Characteristics ◽  
Shape And Size

Leaf shape, size, and colour are used by herbivores to identify sources of palatable foliage for food. It is possible, therefore, that an undefended plant might gain protection from herbivores by matching leaf characteristics of a chemically defended species. We demonstrate the use of a geometric morphometric approach to quantify spatial variation in leaf shape and size across populations of Pseudowintera colorata (Raoul) Dandy, and a putative Batesian mimic, Alseuosmia pusilla (Colenso) A. Cunningham. These are unrelated, sympatric species that, to the human eye, bear strikingly similar foliage. Using the Cartesian coordinates of leaf margins as descriptors of leaf shape, we found that in the chemically defended P. colorata, leaves were morphologically distinct from all of the neighbouring species except for the undefended A. pusilla. Alseuosmia pusilla individuals were more similar to neighbouring than to distant P. colorata, and 90% of leaf shape variation in the two species varied similarly across an altitudinal gradient. The data are consistent with Batesian mimicry, wherein the conspicuous characteristic of a defended model is replicated by an undefended mimic across its entire growing range. Our study provides the first detailed and powerful quantitative leaf shape evidence of leaf shape being matched between an undefended plant species to a chemically defended unrelated species across a shared growing range, and highlights the importance of using a spatially explicit morphometric method when investigating leaf shape, especially in relation to plant mimicry.

scholarly journals Studies on macromorphological taxonomic variations in Abutilon species of Indian Thar Desert

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1929
Author(s):  
Ilham Bano ◽  
Deora G.S.
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Thar Desert ◽  
Fruit Colour ◽  
Seed Structure ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Important Medicinal Plant ◽  
Shape And Size

Abutilon is an important medicinal plant. Its various plant parts such as leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds were used to treat various diseases and ailments from the ancient time. Present work deals with the investigation of three species of Abutilonviz. Abutilon indicum, Abutilon pannosumand Abutilon ramosum with a view to study macro morphological variations and to identify a set of diagnostic characters for individual Abutilon species. Distinct variations exist in stem surface and colour, leaf shape and size, flower diameter, fruit colour, shape and size, number of mericarps per fruit and seed structure. All these macromorphological variations were helpful in identification and delineation of the plant species.

scholarly journals Ceropegia jinshaensis (Apocynaceae), a new species from northwestern Yunnan, China

PhytoKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Zhi-Kun Wu ◽  
Jie Cai ◽  
Lei Cai ◽  
De-Tuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Corolla Tube ◽  
Upper Yangtze River ◽  
The Upper Yangtze River ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Northwestern Yunnan ◽  
Shape And Size

Ceropegia jinshaensis D.T.Liu & Z.K.Wu (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae), a new species from northwestern Yunnan along the upper Yangtze river of China, is described and illustrated. This species is similar to C. meleagris H. Huber, C. dorjei C. E. C. Fischer and C. aridicola W. W. Smith, but can be distinguished easily by its leaf shape and floral features, especially the corolla shape and size, the interior of corolla tube and coronal characters.

A new species of Centaurea (Asteraceae) from East Anatolia, Turkey

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 247 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
ŞÜKRAN KÜLTÜR ◽  
MEHMET BONA ◽  
EBRU ÖZDEMİR NATH
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Cauline Leaf ◽  
East Anatolia ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Shape And Size

Centaurea malatyensis Ş. Kültür & M. Bona sp. nova (Asteraceae) is described as new to science from East Anatolia (B6: Malatya: Turkey). It is morphologically similar to C. leptophylla but differs mainly in its stem, basal and cauline leaf shape and size, achene, pappus and phyllary appendages. The geographical distribution of the new species and its relatives is mapped. The ecology and conservation status of the new species is also presented. Micromorphological structures of achenes of C. malatyensis and C. leptophylla are examined by SEM.

Verbascum seydisehirense (Scrophulariaceae), a new species from Konya, Central Turkey

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 450 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
DENİZ ULUKUŞ ◽  
OSMAN TUGAY ◽  
COŞKUN SAĞLAM
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Central Turkey ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Shape And Size

Verbascum seydisehirense (Scrophulariaceae), endemic to the Konya region of Central Anatolia, is described as new species based on the plant’s morphological features. The new species is morphologically similar to Verbascum phrygium, but it differs from it for basal leaf shape, calyx size, corolla size, corolla indumentum and glands, and capsule shape and size. In this study, a detailed description, illustration, distribution map, conservation status and ecology of the new species are provided. Additionally, the study looks in detail at pollen grains and seed coat ornamentation of Verbascum seydisehirense and includes SEM micrographs.

scholarly journals Divergent leaf shapes among Passiflora species arise from a shared juvenile morphology

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Chitwood ◽  
Wagner C. Otoni
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Fourier Descriptors ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Temporal Development ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Linear Relationships

AbstractPREMISE OF THE STUDYNot only does leaf shape vary between Passiflora species, but between sequential nodes of the vine. The profound changes in leaf shape within Passiflora vines reflect the temporal development of the shoot apical meristem from which leaves are derived and patterned, a phenomenon known as heteroblasty.METHODSWe perform a morphometric analysis of more than 3,300 leaves from 40 different Passiflora species using two different methods: homologous landmarks and Elliptical Fourier Descriptors (EFDs).KEY RESULTSChanges in leaf shape across the vine are first quantified in allometric terms; that is, changes in the relative area of leaf sub-regions expressed in terms of overall leaf area. Shape is constrained to strict linear relationships as a function of size that vary between species. Statistical analysis of leaf shape, using landmarks and EFDs, reveals that species effects are the strongest, followed by interaction effects, and negligible heteroblasty effects. The ability of different nodes to predictively discriminate species and the variability of landmark and EFD traits at each node is then analyzed. Heteroblastic trajectories, the changes in leaf shape between the first and last measured leaves in a vine, are then compared between species in a multivariate space.CONCLUSIONLeaf shape diversity among Passiflora species is expressed in a heteroblastic-dependent manner. Leaf shape is constrained by linear, allometric relationships related to leaf size that vary between species. There is a strong species x heteroblasty interaction effect for leaf shape, suggesting that different leaf shapes between species arise through changes in shape across nodes. The first leaves in the series are not only more like each other, but are also less variable across species. From this similar, shared leaf shape, subsequent leaves in the heteroblastic series follow divergent morphological trajectories. The disparate leaf shapes characteristic of Passiflora species arise from a shared, juvenile morphology.

MEMECYLON WAYANADENSE (MELASTOMATACEAE), A NEW SPECIES FROM THE WESTERN GHATS, INDIA

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Sivu ◽  
M. K. Ratheesh Narayanan ◽  
N. S. Pradeep ◽  
N. Anil Kumar ◽  
A. G. Pandurangan
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
The Western Ghats ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Inflorescence Type ◽  
Shape And Size

Memecylon wayanadense Ratheesh, Sivu & Pradeep, a new species of Melastomataceae from the Wayanad forests of Kerala, India, is described and illustrated. The new species is allied to Memecylon angustifolium, M. rivulare and M. sivadasanii but differs in habit, leaf shape, sclereid type, inflorescence type and position, and the shape and size of the sepals and petals. An UPGMA analysis of 20 RAPD primers resulted in two major clusters with Memecylon sivadasanii in one cluster and M. rivulare, M. angustifolium and M. wayanadense in the second cluster. Memecylon wayanadense forms a subgroup within the second cluster.

Leaf heteroblasty in eucalypts: biogeographic evidence of ecological function

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Vlasveld ◽  
Benjamin O'Leary ◽  
Frank Udovicic ◽  
Martin Burd
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Leaf Mass ◽  
Adult Leaf ◽  
Shape And Size

Leaves that develop on seedlings, young saplings or regenerative shoots of many eucalypt species are strikingly different in morphology from the typical leaves of more mature plants; a developmental pattern known as heteroblasty. We measured dimorphism between juvenile and adult leaves in shape and size, leaf mass per unit area, and vein frequency in a continent-wide sample of Angophora, Corymbia and Eucalyptus species. We tested whether heteroblasty in this group is an adaptation to shading by comparing the degree of juvenile–adult leaf dimorphism with the canopy closure (measured by the leaf area index) of the habitat in which species occurred. No pattern emerged for heteroblasty in leaf shape and size or leaf mass per unit area, but there was a significant relationship (accounting for phylogenetic relationships) between the degree of juvenile–adult dimorphism in vein frequency and habitat leaf area index. Juvenile leaves tended to have more widely spaced veins than adult leaves of the same species, in regions with more closed vegetative canopies. This evidence suggests that eucalypt heteroblasty is, at least in part, a hydraulic adaptation to the different conditions faced by younger and older plants in higher productivity regions with denser vegetation.

scholarly journals Taxonomic Revision of Garcinia Section Garcinia (Clusiaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. NAZRE ◽  
M. F. NEWMAN ◽  
R. T. PENNINGTON ◽  
D. J. MIDDLETON
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Smooth Surface ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Surface Species ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Venation Pattern ◽  
Shape And Size

Species of Garcinia sect. Garcinia are typically understorey trees in rain forest and are distributed from eastern India to Malesia. A taxonomic revision of Garcinia section Garcinia (Clusiaceae) has resulted in the recognition of 13 species, two of which have three varieties each. Several species are excluded from Garcinia section Garcinia, reported as insufficiently known, or reduced to synonymy. Five species, G. acuticosta, G. discoidea, G. exigua, G. ochracea and G. sangudsangud, and two varieties, G. diospyrifolia var. minor and G. mangostana var. borneensis, are newly described. Morphological characters that are important for sectional delimitation are terminally attached inflorescences of simple cymes, stamen bundles 4 or 4-angled, and fruits with a smooth surface. Species limits are defined on the basis of a combination of characters of the male flower (i.e. shape of stamens, presence of pistillode), type of fruit, and characters of the leaf (shape and size, venation pattern and glandular lines).

scholarly journals Fractal analysis of leaves: are all leaves self-similar along the cane?

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Gazda
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Fractal Analysis ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Scale Dependency ◽  
Size Change ◽  
Self Similar ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Shape Complexity ◽  
Shape And Size

AbstractThe fractal dimension can be used to quantify the shape of a natural curve. Curves with similar degrees of irregularity will tend to have the same fractal dimension. The fractal exponent describes the complexity of a shape and characterizes the scale-dependency of the pattern. This article presents an application of the fractal dimension in the analysis of leaves shape. In this paper I attempt to ask question if leaves of blackberry characterized by fractal dimension differ significantly in relation to the leaf ’s position along the cane. The fractal dimension of 49 leaves of blackberry from 8 primocanes, and 53 leaves from 19 lateral canes, from 9 individuals was estimated. The mean of D of a leaf is 1.12. There are no significant differences between D for leaves from two different cane types. Previous studies were focused on measurements of fractal dimension of leaves randomly chosen from one or a few individuals so there was necessity to measure fractal dimension all leaves growing along the same shoot, because usually leaf shape and size change more or less along a shoot. This research confirmed that fractal dimension is much more related to the shape complexity than to the size of leaves.

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