scholarly journals Mediators of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Differentially Affect Immune Restoration Disease Associated withMycobacterium tuberculosisin HIV Patients Beginning Antiretroviral Therapy

2010 ◽  
Vol 202 (11) ◽  
pp. 1728-1737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin G. Oliver ◽  
Julian H. Elliott ◽  
Patricia Price ◽  
Michael Phillips ◽  
Vonthanak Saphonn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Restoration ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immune Restoration Disease

scholarly journals HIV and SIV in Body Fluids: From Breast Milk to the Genitourinary Tract

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-152
Author(s):  
Kattayoun Kordy ◽  
Nicole H. Tobin ◽  
Grace M. Aldrovandi
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Hiv Dna ◽  
Current State ◽  
Repetitive Exposure ◽  
Hiv 1

HIV-1 is present in many secretions including oral, intestinal, genital, and breast milk. However, most people exposed to HIV-1 within these mucosal compartments do not become infected despite often frequent and repetitive exposure over prolonged periods of time. In this review, we discuss what is known about the levels of cell-free HIV RNA, cell-associated HIV DNA and cellassociated HIV RNA in external secretions. Levels of virus are usually lower than contemporaneously obtained blood, increased in settings of inflammation and infection, and decreased in response to antiretroviral therapy. Additionally, each mucosal compartment has unique innate and adaptive immune responses that affect the composition and presence of HIV-1 within each external secretion. We discuss the current state of knowledge about the types and amounts of virus present in the various excretions, touch on innate and adaptive immune responses as they affect viral levels, and highlight important areas for further study.

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