Global Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile Infection in 2010

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (S1) ◽  
pp. S32-S34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale N. Gerding
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Clostridium Difficile Infection ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Epidemiology ◽  
The World

The past decade has been characterized by an epidemic of Clostridium difficile infection in North America and Europe that threatens to extend to the rest of the world. The epidemic is due in part to the emergence of a previously rare and now more lethal C. difficile strain variously named group BI, ribotype 027, and North American pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1.

scholarly journals First isolation of Clostridium difficile 027 in Japan

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Kato ◽  
Y Ito ◽  
R van den Berg ◽  
E J Kuijper ◽  
Y Arakawa
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
North American ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Pseudomembranous Colitis ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Variant Strain ◽  
Ribotype 027 ◽  
Pcr Ribotype 027

We report the first isolation of a variant strain of Clostridium difficile from a patient with pseudomembranous colitis in Japan. The strain was chararacterised as North American pulsed field gel electrophoresis type 1 (NAP1), PCR ribotype 027, toxinotype III.

Moxifloxacin Therapy as a Risk Factor forClostridium difficile–Associated Disease During an Outbreak: Attempts to Control a New Epidemic Strain

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Biller ◽  
Beth Shank ◽  
Leah Lind ◽  
Meghan Brennan ◽  
Lisa Tkatch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
North American ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Epidemic Strain ◽  
Pulsed Field

An outbreak ofClostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) caused by the epidemic North American pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1 (NAP1) strain began after a formulary change from levofloxacin to moxifloxacin. Cases of CDAD were associated with moxifloxacin use, but a formulary change back to levofloxacin failed to reduce rates of disease. Substituting use of one fluoroquinolone with use of another without also controlling the overall use of drugs from this class is unlikely to control outbreaks caused by the NAP1 strain ofC. difficile.

scholarly journals Comparison of Virulence Gene Identification, Ribosomal Spacer PCR, and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis for Typing of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Cases of Subclinical Bovine Mastitis in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1871-1876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela R. F. Adkins ◽  
John R. Middleton ◽  
Lawrence K. Fox
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Gene Identification ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pulsed Field

Staphylococcus aureusis one of the most important pathogens causing contagious mastitis in dairy cattle worldwide. The objectives of this study were to determine if recently describedS. aureusgenotype B was present among previously characterized isolates from cases of bovine intramammary infection in the United States and to compare pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to the combination of ribosomal spacer PCR (RS-PCR) and virulence gene identification for typing ofS. aureusstrains. The hypothesis was that isolates that were previously characterized as contagious would be identified as genotype B and that the results of the two strain-typing methods would be comparable. Isolates were selected from a collection ofS. aureusisolates from eight dairy farms. Mammary quarter milk somatic cell count (SCC) andN-acetyl-β-d-gluconaminidase (NAGase) activity data were known and used to evaluate strain pathogenicity. RS-PCR was performed with conventional gel electrophoresis, and PCR was used for toxin gene identification. RS-PCR patterns were associated with a specific virulence gene pattern, as previously reported. Five RS-PCR banding patterns were identified. None of the isolates were characterized as genotype B. No association between RS-PCR types and milk SCC was found; however, NAGase activity was significantly higher in milk from mammary glands infected with RS-PCR banding type 1 (RSP type 1) than in milk from those infected with RSP type 2. The discriminatory power values were 1.0 and 0.46 for PFGE and RS-PCR, respectively. These data suggest that genotype B may have a limited geographic distribution and that PFGE is more discriminatory than RS-PCR performed with conventional gel electrophoresis for typing ofS. aureusisolates of bovine origin.

scholarly journals Application of pulsed field gel electrophoresis to the 1993 epidemic of whooping cough in the UK

1995 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Syedabubakar ◽  
R. C. Matthews ◽  
N. W. Preston ◽  
D. Owen ◽  
V. Hillier
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Dna Fingerprint ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dna Types

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to DNA fingerprint the majority (64 %) of isolates received at the Pertussis Reference Laboratory during the 1993 whooping cough epidemic by pulsed field gel electrophoresis of Xba I - generated restriction digests. Two DNA restriction patterns, types 1 and 3, predominated (40% and 23%. respectively, of 180 isolates) but type 2, identified in a previous study was notably absent. Twenty-one new DNA types occurred (24% of isolates), some being atypical as bands 155–230 kb were no longer conserved, but there was no statistically significant difference in their incidence in the upswing (June-September) compared to the downswing (October-December) phase of the epidemic. There was a relatively high proportion of new types, compared to type 1. at the peak (September). About 50% of isolates received were from the North Western Region, where 44% of isolates were DNA type 1. Whereas only 1 out of 10 isolates from Scotland were of this type, suggesting some geographic variation. Statistically significant findings included a higher proportion of isolates from female patients (P < 0·01), most marked in the 12–24 months age group (P < 0·05); a higher proportion of infants under 12 months requiring hospital admission compared to older children (P < 0·05); and a greater number of isolates from unvaccinated children (P < 0·01). Analysis of serotype according to four age groups (under 3 months, 3–12 months, 12–24 months and above 2 years) showed statistically significant differences (P < 0·05) with a noticeably lower proportion (38%) of serotype 1,3 in 3–12 months age group and higher prevalence (74%) of serotype 1,3 in the 12–24 months age group. There was no correlation between DNA type and serotype.

scholarly journals Identification of 16S rRNA Methylase-Producing Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Strains in North America

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 4209-4210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohei Doi ◽  
Jennifer M. Adams ◽  
Kunikazu Yamane ◽  
David L. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Clinical Strains ◽  
16S Rrna Methylase

ABSTRACT Five highly amikacin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were collected at a medical center in Pennsylvania. The aminoglycoside resistance was due to the production of the 16S rRNA methylase ArmA. Two of the isolates coproduced OXA-23 β-lactamase and were highly resistant to carbapenems as well. The isolates were genetically closely related by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

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