Infection Control and Hospital Hygiene in Belgium

1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 170-174
Author(s):  
Gerald Reybrouck ◽  
Raf Mertens
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Hospital Hygiene ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Member States ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Western European ◽  
Set Up

In 1972 the Council of Europe, in which most of the Western European countries are represented, adopted a resolution aimed at the improvement of hospital hygiene and the promotion of the prevention of nosocomial infections. The member states were invited to take the required measures, but each country was free to implement the resolution according to its own needs and particularities. In Belgium, the first legal regulations were issued in 1974—every hospital was obliged to set up a committee for hospital hygiene.Although similar regulations were issued in most other member states. the actual infection control policies adopted can vary. This article highlights some of the particularities for Belgium.

The Developmental Consequences for Asylum-seeking Children Living With the Prospect for Five Years or More of Enforced Return to Their Home Country

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Kalverboer ◽  
A.E. Zijlstra ◽  
E.J. Knorth
Keyword(s):  
Home Country ◽  
Children's Rights ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Children’S Rights ◽  
Positive Development ◽  
Member States ◽  
Developmental Risks ◽  
Western European ◽  
Legal Procedures

This study examines the European legal framework and policy on children’s rights and on the development and developmental risks of children from asylum-seeking families who have lived in asylum centres for over five years with the prospect of being forced to return to their home country. The legal procedures and practices of Member States in the Western European countries seem to be far too lengthy, and the standards for reception far too low to protect the children’s positive development.

scholarly journals A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Gown Use in Controlling Vancomycin-ResistantEnterococcusTransmission Is It Worth the Price?

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 418-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Puzniak ◽  
Kathleen N. Gillespie ◽  
Terry Leet ◽  
Marin Kollef ◽  
Linda M. Mundy
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Services Delivery ◽  
The Cost

AbstractObjective:To determine the net benefit and costs associated with gown use in preventing transmission of van-comycin-resistantEnterococcus(VRE).Design:A cost-benefit analysis measuring the net benefit of gowns was performed. Benefits, defined as averted costs from reduced VRE colonization and infection, were estimated using a matched cohort study. Data sources included a step-down cost allocation system, hospital informatics, and microbiology databases.Setting:The medical intensive care unit (MICU) at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri.Patients:Patients admitted to the MICU for more than 24 hours from July 1, 1997, to December 31, 1999.Interventions:Alternating periods when all healthcare workers and visitors were required to wear gowns and gloves versus gloves alone on entry to the rooms of patients colonized or infected with VRE.Results:On base-case analysis, 58 VRE cases were averted with gown use during 18 months. The annual net benefit of the gown policy was $419,346 and the cost per case averted of VRE was $1,897. The analysis was most sensitive to the level of VRE transmission.Conclusions:Infection control policies (eg, gown use) initially increase the cost of health services delivery. However, such policies can be cost saving by averting nosocomial infections and the associated costs of treatment. The cost savings to the hospital plus the benefits to patients and their families of avoiding nosocomial infections make effective infection control policies a good investment.

scholarly journals Europeanization of the Administrative Law of Ukraine: peculiarities of modern tectonic of mechanisms of the influence

2020 ◽  
pp. 150-154
Author(s):  
Olesya Radyshevska
Keyword(s):  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Law And Legislation

The article explores the contemporary forms, mechanisms and models of Europeanization of the administrative law of Ukraine in the light of it renewal as a branch of national law and legislation. It is noted that foreign scientists pay special attention to the classification of the influence of the provisions of European administrative law (in the widest sense) on the administrative law of European countries. The author analyzes the extensive classification of the phenomenon of Europeanization existing in European administrative and legal science. It is stated that Europeanization of administrative law as branch of legislation has mostly vertical, direct, obligatory, "hard", positive influence, since the boundaries of the system of sources of administrative law are being expanded, and it is the obligation of the subjects of administrative law to apply its rules already as part of national legislation. At the same time, the Europeanization of administrative law as a branch of law can have the characteristics of vertical, direct, mandatory, harmonizing Europeanization and also with horizontal influence which voluntary, indirect, selective nature, exercised by various actors ("legislative bodies" of European organizations, the parliaments of European countries, the practice of public administration and judicial institutions, experts from technical assistance projects), etc. It is concluded that the mechanisms of Europeanization from the EU legal field regarding EU Member States will differ from mechanisms towards Ukraine. However, the mechanisms of influence used by Council of Europe and OSCE among their member states in the area of administrative law are identical, since they imply the application of the rules of "soft" law, "soft" cooperation, socialization and "lessons learned". The aim of their subjects is to satisfy their legal expectations that dominate the European administrative space. These mechanisms usually are used in dialectical unity.

scholarly journals “There would be no unilateral détente!”: financial sector of theCOMECON countries in the late 1970s – early 1980s as a source of Western political influence

2021 ◽  
pp. 138-147
Author(s):  
Roman Aleksandrovich Yakupov ◽  
Dar'ya Viktorovna Yakupova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Member States ◽  
Western European ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Impact

The object of this research is the processes that took place in the COMECON member-states due instability of the financial sector. The subject of this research is the impact of the economic factor upon the evolution of bipolar system of international relations and sociopolitical sustainability of the Soviet Union during the 1979 – 1983. The article provides a scientific assessment of extent of awareness of the US intelligence on the financial solvency of the COMECON member-states, their ability to meet repayment schedules for both interest and debts, and the consequences of possible default of any of the countries during the financial crisis. The authors set the task to analyze the target points of foreign analytics regarding the “dependency” of Western European enterprises on their Eastern business partners, as well as clarify the extent to which a significant decline in trade between the East and the West affected the Soviet and Western European economy. The use of unpublished foreign and domestic archival documents, as well as foreign periodicals define the novelty of this research. This article is first to disclose the information on how the United States turned the severe financial problems of Eastern European countries for the purpose of political pressure on such issues as Afghanistan, crisis in Poland, and construction of the Soviet gas pipeline. Leaning on the introduced into the scientific discourse CIA documents, assessment is given to the effectiveness of trade and economic policy of the United States and its Western European allies in relation to Eastern Europe. The article also analyses the support of centrifugal tendencies in the economy of the Eastern European countries of the Soviet bloc.

Applying an Equity Lens to Tobacco-Control Policies and Their Uptake in Six Western-European Countries

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Giskes ◽  
A E Kunst ◽  
C Ariza ◽  
J Benach ◽  
C Borrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
Western European

CASE STUDY: Regional Cultural Differences Within and Across Four Western European Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-47
Author(s):  
Nadine Waehning ◽  
Ibrahim Sirkeci ◽  
Stephan Dahl ◽  
Sinan Zeyneloglu
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Business Plans ◽  
Regional Markets ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Western European

This case study examines and illustrates within country regional cultural differences and cross border cultural similarities across four western European countries. Drawing on the data from the World Values Survey (WVS), we refer to the Schwartz Cultural Values Inventory in the survey. The demographic variables of age, gender, education level, marital status and income vary across the regions and hence, have significant effects on the cultural value dimensions across regions. The findings help a better understanding of the homogeneity and heterogeneity of regions withinand across countries. Both researchers and managers will have to justify their sampling methods and generalisations more carefully when drawing conclusions for a whole country. This case study underlines the limited knowledge about regional within country cultural differences, while also illustrating the simplification of treating each country as culturally homogeneous. Cross-country business strategies connecting transnational regional markets based on cultural value characteristics need to take these similarities and differences into account when designating business plans.

Knowledge about basic life support in European students

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (21) ◽  
pp. 833-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
József Marton ◽  
Attila Pandúr ◽  
Emese Pék ◽  
Krisztina Deutsch ◽  
Bálint Bánfai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Life Support ◽  
Life Support ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
European Students ◽  
Western European ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
European Youth

Introduction: Better knowledge and skills of basic life support can save millions of lives each year in Europe. Aim: The aim of this study was to measure the knowledge about basic life support in European students. Method: From 13 European countries 1527 volunteer participated in the survey. The questionnaire consisted of socio-demographic questions and knowledge regarding basic life support. The maximum possible score was 18. Results: Those participants who had basic life support training earned 11.91 points, while those who had not participated in lifesaving education had 9.6 points (p<0.001). Participants from former socialist Eastern European countries reached 10.13 points, while Western Europeans had average 10.85 points (p<0.001). The best results were detected among the Swedish students, and the worst among the Belgians. Conclusions: Based on the results, there are significant differences in the knowledge about basic life support between students from different European countries. Western European youth, and those who were trained had better performance. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(21), 833–837.

Central and Eastern European states in global production linkages: country-level and sector-level analysis

2017 ◽  
pp. 38-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Cieślik
Keyword(s):  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Western European ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Level Analysis

The paper evaluates Central and Eastern European countries’ (CEEs) location in global vertical specialization (global value chains, GVCs). To locate each country in global value chains (upstream or downstream segment/market) and to compare them with the selected countries, a very selective methodology was adopted. We concluded that (a) CEE countries differ in the levels of their participation in production linkages. Countries that have stronger links with Western European countries, especially with Germany, are more integrated; (b) a large share of the CEE countries’ gross exports passes through Western European GVCs; (c) most exporters in Central and Eastern Europe are positioned in the downstream segments of production rather than in the upstream markets. JEL classification: F14, F15.

scholarly journals PMH54 ADHD Among Adults in Five Western European Countries: An Analysis of National Health and Wellness Survey Data

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. A343-A344 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L. Able ◽  
V. Haynes ◽  
K. Annunziata ◽  
H. Upadhyaya ◽  
W. Deberdt
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
National Health ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Health And Wellness ◽  
Western European
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