Quaternary Paleoclimatic Implications of Soil Clay Mineral Distribution in a Sierra Nevada-Great Basin Transect

abstract Precise epicentral determinations based on local network recordings are compared with mapped faults and volcanic features in the western Great Basin. This region is structurally and seismically complex, and seismogenic processes vary within it. In the area north of the rupture zone of the 1872 Owens Valley earthquake, dispersed clusters of epicenters agree with a shatter zone of faults that extend the 1872 breaks to the north and northwest. An area of frequent earthquake swarms east of Mono Lake is characterized by northeast-striking faults and a crustal low-velocity zone; seismicity in this area appears to be related to volcanic processes that produced thick Pliocene basalt flows in the Adobe Hills and minor historic activity in Mono Lake. In the Garfield Hills between Walker Lake and the Excelsior Mountains, there is some clustering of epicenters along a north-trending zone that does not correlate with major Cenozoic structures. In an area west of Walker Lake, low seismicity supports a previous suggestion by Gilbert and Reynolds (1973) that deformation in that area has been primarily by folding and not by faulting. To the north, clusters of earthquakes are observed at both ends of a 70-km-long fault zone that forms the eastern boundary of the Sierra Nevada from Markleeville to Reno. Clusters of events also appear at both ends of the Dog Valley Fault in the Sierra west of Reno, and at Virginia City to the east. Fault-plane solutions for the belt in which major earthquakes have occurred in Nevada during the historic period (from Pleasant Valley in the north to the Excelsior Mountains on the California-Nevada Border) correspond to normaloblique slip and are similar to that found by Romney (1957) for the 1954 Fairview Peak shock. However, mechanisms of recent moderate earthquakes within the SNGBZ are related to right- or left-lateral slip, respectively, on nearly vertical, northwest-, or northeast-striking planes. These mechanisms are explained by a block faulting model of the SNGBZ in which the main fault segments trend north, have normal-oblique slip, and are offset or terminated by northwest-trending strike-slip faults. This is supported by the observation that seismicity during the period of observation has been concentrated at places where major faults terminate or intersect. Anomalous temporal variations, consisting of a general decrease in seismicity in the southern part of the SNGBZ from October 1977 to September 1978, followed by a burst of moderate earthquakes that has continued for more than 18 months, is suggestive of a pattern that several authors have identified as precursory to large earthquakes. The 1977 to 1979 variations are particularly noteworthy because they occurred over the entire SNGBZ, indicating a regional rather than local cause for the observed changes.

Download Full-text

Clay mineral distribution patterns as influenced by depositional processes in the Southeastern Levantine Sea

Sedimentology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-3091.1981.tb01659.x ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 21-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

ANDRES MALDONADO ◽

DANIEL JEAN STANLEY

Keyword(s):

Clay Mineral ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Mineral Distribution ◽

Levantine Sea ◽

Depositional Processes

Download Full-text

Assimilated diet patterns of American black bears in the Sierra Nevada and western Great Basin, Nevada, USA

Ursus ◽

10.2192/ursus-d-17-00031.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2019 (30e3) ◽

pp. 40

Author(s):

Jennapher Teunissen van Manen ◽

Carl W. Lackey ◽

Jon P. Beckmann ◽

Lisa I. Muller ◽

Zheng-Hua Li

Keyword(s):

Sierra Nevada ◽

Great Basin ◽

Black Bears ◽

Diet Patterns ◽

American Black ◽

American Black Bears ◽

Assimilated Diet

Download Full-text

Clay mineral distribution in the shelf sediments off the northern part of the east coast of India

Continental Shelf Research ◽

10.1016/0278-4343(88)90049-0 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 145-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

V. Purnachandra Rao ◽

N. Purnachander Reddy ◽

Ch. Madhusudana Rao

Keyword(s):

Clay Mineral ◽

East Coast ◽

Mineral Distribution ◽

East Coast Of India ◽

Shelf Sediments

Download Full-text

Reservoir Quality Assessment from Clay Mineral Distribution in the Neogene of North Kuwait

10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.395.iptc-17405-ms ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

P. Kumar Mishra ◽

B. Hussain Akbar ◽

K. Ahmed ◽

H. Ferdous ◽

L. Javier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Assessment ◽

Clay Mineral ◽

Reservoir Quality ◽

Mineral Distribution

Download Full-text

A comparison of western Great Basin paleoclimate records for the last 3000 yr: Evidence for multidecadal- to millennial-scale drought

10.1130/2019.2536(11) ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 183-199

Author(s):

Steve P. Lund ◽

Larry V. Benson

Keyword(s):

Sierra Nevada ◽

Tree Ring ◽

Great Basin ◽

Lake Level ◽

Lake Basin ◽

Walker Lake ◽

Pyramid Lake ◽

The Past ◽

Hydrological Variability ◽

Hydrologic Variability

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the hydrological variability in eastern California (central Sierra Nevada) for the past 3000 yr based on three distinct paleoclimate proxies, δ18O, total inorganic carbon (TIC), and magnetic susceptibility (chi). These proxies, which are recorded in lake sediments of Pyramid Lake and Walker Lake, Nevada, and Mono Lake and Owens Lake, California, indicate lake-level changes that are mostly due to variations in Sierra Nevada snowpack and rainfall. We evaluated lake-level changes in the four Great Basin lake systems with regard to sediment-core locations and lake-basin morphologies, to the extent that these two factors influence the paleoclimate proxy records. We documented the strengths and weaknesses of each proxy and argue that a systematic study of all three proxies together significantly enhances our ability to characterize the regional pattern, chronology, and resolution of hydrological variability. We used paleomagnetic secular variation (PSV) to develop paleomagnetic chronostratigraphies for all four lakes. We previously published PSV records for three of the lakes (Mono, Owens, Pyramid) and developed a new PSV record herein for Walker Lake. We show that our PSV chronostratigraphies are almost identical to previously established radiocarbon-based chronologies, but that there are differences of 20–200 yr in individual age records. In addition, we used eight of the PSV inclination features to provide isochrons that permit exacting correlations between lake records. We also evaluated the temporal resolution of our proxies. Most can document decadal-scale variability over the past 1000 yr, multidecadal-scale variability for the past 2000 yr, and centennial-scale variability between 2000 and 3000 yr ago. Comparisons among our proxies show a strong coherence in the pattern of lake-level variability for all four lakes. Pyramid Lake and Walker Lake have the longest and highest-resolution records. The δ18O and TIC records yield the same pattern of lake-level variability; however, TIC may allow a somewhat higher-frequency resolution. It is not clear, however, which proxy best estimates the absolute amplitude of lake-level variability. Chi is the only available proxy that records lake-level variability in all four lakes prior to 2000 yr ago, and it shows consistent evidence of a large multicentennial period of drought. TIC, chi, and δ18O are integrative proxies in that they display the cumulative record of hydrologic variability in each lake basin. Tree-ring estimations of hydrological variability, by contrast, are incremental proxies that estimate annual variability. We compared our integrated proxies with tree-ring incremental proxies and found a strong correspondence among the two groups of proxies if the tree-ring proxies are smoothed to decadal or multidecadal averages. Together, these results indicate a common pattern of wet/dry variability in California (Sierra Nevada snowpack/rainfall) extending from a few years (notable only in the tree-ring data) to perhaps 1000 yr. Notable hydrologic variability has occurred at all time scales and should continue into the future.

Download Full-text