Igneous Rock-Series and Mixed Igneous Rocks

1900 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 389-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Harker
Keyword(s):  
Igneous Rock ◽  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
Rock Series

scholarly journals II.—The Order of Consolidation of the Mineral Constituents of Igneous Rocks

1900 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 295-298
Author(s):  
W. J. Sollas
Keyword(s):  
Igneous Rock ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
Important Data ◽  
Mineral Constituents

The order in which the various mineral constituents of an igneous rock may crystallize out from an igneous magma offers to the petrologist a problem of great difficulty and complexity. It is generally admitted that the order of consolidation is not wholly determined by the order of the fusion-points of the constituents, and with this admission the fusion-points have come to be consistently disregarded, as though they might safely be left out of account. That this is not the case has of late become strongly impressed upon me, especially after a consideration of the important data obtained by Mr. Ralph Cusack, B.A., who, by means of Professor Joly's meldometer, has determined the precise temperature of fusion of most of the rock-forming minerals.

1986 Values for Fifteen GSJ Rock Reference Samples, “Igneous Rock Series”

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi ANDO ◽  
Naoki MITA ◽  
Shigeru TERASHIMA
Keyword(s):  
Igneous Rock ◽  
Rock Series ◽  
Reference Samples

Classification of Igneous Rock Series

1931 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Igneous Rock ◽  
Rock Series

scholarly journals VI.—Geological Notes on the Neighbourhood of Ladysmith, Natal. No. 1: On some Igneous Rocks

1901 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 509-510
Author(s):  
H. Exton
Keyword(s):  
Igneous Rock ◽  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
Geological Feature ◽  
Station Hospital

Writing from the Station Hospital at Ladysmith, Dr. Henry Exton, F.G.S., has communicated his observations on the geology of the country near Ladysmith, in the northern part of Natal, in letters to Professor T. Rupert Jones. A very noticeable geological feature is the prevalence of an igneous rock (intrusive andesitic diabase) on all the hills from Umbulwana, four miles east by south from Ladysmith, to the famed Spion Kop, sixteen miles west from here.

Of the American Quantitative Igneous Rock Classification: Part 5

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davis Young
Keyword(s):  
Igneous Rock ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Rock Classification ◽  
Natural Classification ◽  
Quantitative Classification ◽  
The Creation

The preference of the authors of the quantitative igneous rock classification for an artificial rather than a natural system, coupled with their invention of a new nomenclature to accompany the classification, indicates that some essential elements of scientific work are not empirically ascertained but are proposed and accepted (or rejected) by the relevant scientific community as a matter of free choice. The use of igneous rocks as exemplars in the education of novice geology students is discussed. It is claimed that the CIPW classification could not have been produced by a single individual geologist. The factors that allowed for the collective success in the creation of the quantitative classification are examined.Upon publication of their monumental quantitative chemico-mineralogical classification (CIPW 1902, 1903), C. W. Cross, J. P. Iddings, L. V. Pirsson, and H. S. Washington immediately received numerous letters of congratulation. Initial published reviews ranged from highly supportive to suspicious. To help buttress their classification, Washington (1903) published a compilation of igneous rock chemical analyses and Iddings (1903) published several diagrams to drive home the point that a natural classification of igneous rocks was not feasible. Led by Washington, Pirsson, and Cross, several geologists began using the CIPW classification in their petrological studies and some contributed new sub-rang names. In the meantime, Iddings worked on the first volume of a projected two-volume work on igneous rocks based on the quantitative CIPW scheme. Unsympathetic to artificial, overly precise classifications, Harker in particular rejected the CIPW system and its norm calculations and European geologists generally were unenthusiastic. Cross (1910b) offered a major rebuttal to the criticisms, particularly those of Harker, in which he challenged the likelihood of producing a valid natural classification of igneous rocks. Iddings (1913) published the second volume on igneous rocks in which he developed an elaborate correlation between the old qualitative system and the new quantitative CIPW scheme. Washington and Pirsson produced many more petrological studies of Mediterranean volcanic rocks, New Hampshire, and Hawaii that incorporated the quantitative system. Washington (1917) produced a vastly expanded compilation of chemical analyses arranged in accord with the CIPW system. Criticisms, however, continued to mount from Fermor, Daly, Shand, and others, while Tyrrell and Johannsen were lukewarm toward the new classification. The criticism that the CIPW system was of little value in fieldwork repeatedly surfaced. Dissatisfaction with the quantitative scheme led to the publication of many new classifications by geologists, such as Hatch, Winchell, Lincoln, Shand, Holmes, Johannsen, and Niggli. With the creation of satisfactory quantitative mineralogical classifications, the increasing ability to determine the proportions of minerals quantitatively, and the death of Iddings and Pirsson, enthusiasm for the CIPW system gradually began to wane. By the 1960s the classification had become a thing of the past. The value of the norm calculation, however, gained recognition and has survived to the present, assisted no doubt by the capability for doing the necessary calculations by computer.

Mugearites and Their Place in Alkali Igneous Rock Series

1961 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. D. Muir ◽  
C. E. Tilley
Keyword(s):  
Igneous Rock ◽  
Rock Series
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