scholarly journals Influenza Pandemics, Immune Cross‐Reactivity, and Pandemic Control Strategies

2008 ◽  
Vol 198 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiana Gioia ◽  
Chiara Agrati ◽  
Concetta Castilletti ◽  
Maria R. Capobianchi ◽  
Federico Martini
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Influenza Pandemics

scholarly journals Immunolocalisation of secreted-excreted products of Meloidogyne spp. using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 629-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liziane M. Lima ◽  
Maria F. Grossi-de-Sa ◽  
Railene A. Pereira ◽  
Rosane H.C. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Host Parasite

Molecules expressed at the surface cuticle (SC) of plant parasitic nematodes represent the primary plant-nematode interface, and together with secreted-excreted (S-E) products are probably the first signals perceived by the host. These molecules, which are released into plant tissue, probably play important roles in the host-parasite interactions. Characterisation of these antigens will help in the identification of nematode targets useful for novel control strategies, which interfere with the nematode infection of plants. Three monoclonal (MAbs) and three polyclonal (PAbs) antibodies produced to S-E products of Meloidogyne spp. and Heterodera avenae were used to examine their reactivity towards M. incognita and/or M. arenaria second stage juveniles and adult females. The three PAbs showed cross-reactivity with M. incognita and M. arenaria. Antibody Roth-PC 373 strongly recognised molecules present in the SC, amphids and intestine, antibody Roth-PC 389 recognised the nematode amphids and metacorpus, while antibody Roth-PC 419 bound to molecules present in the subventral glands. Reactivity of the MAbs was only tested against M. arenaria. Monoclonal antibody Roth-MAb T116C1.1 showed intense reactivity with molecules present in the amphidial and phasmidial glands. Monoclonal antibodies Roth-MAb T46.2 and T42D.2 labeled the nematode amphids and molecules present in the nematode oesophagus (metacorpus), respectively.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of human coronaviruses among patients visiting Hospital-Based Sentinel Sites in Uganda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elijah Mulabbi ◽  
Robert Tweyongyere ◽  
Fred Wabwire ◽  
Edison Mworozi ◽  
Jeff Koehlerb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

Abstract Background: Human coronaviruses are causative agents of respiratory infections with several subtypes being prevalent worldwide. They cause respiratory illnesses of varying severity and have been described to be continuously emerging but their prevalence is not well documented in Uganda. This study assessed the seroprevalence of antibodies against the previously known human coronaviruses prior 2019 in Uganda.Methods: A total 377 serum samples collected from volunteers that showed influenza like illness in five hospital-based sentinel sites and archived were analyzed using a commercial Qualitative Human Coronavirus Antibody IgG ELISA kit. Although there is no single kit available that can detect the presence of all the circulating coronaviruses, this kit uses a nucleoprotein, aa 340-390 to coat the wells and since there is significant homology among the various human coronavirus strains with regards to the coded for proteins, there is significant cross reactivity beyond HCoV HKU-39849 2003. This gives the kit a qualitative ability to detect the presence of human coronavirus antibodies in a sample. Results: The overall seroprevalence for all the sites was 87.53% with no significant difference in the seroprevalence between the Hospital based sentinel sites (p=0.8). Of the seropositive, the age group 1-5 years had the highest percentage (46.97), followed by 6-10 years (16.67) and then above 20 (16.36). The volunteers were divided into two broad categories, those below five years and those above five years, to calculate the odds ratio. The odds ratio of those seropositive with an age above 5 years with reference to those below 5 years was 0.62. This shows that those below 5 are more likely to be seropositive compared to those above 5 years. The seropositivity was generally high throughout the year with highest being recorded in March and the lowest in February and December. Conclusions: The seroprevalence of Human coronaviruses is alarmingly high which calls for need to identify and characterize the circulating coronavirus strains so as to guide policy on the control strategies.

scholarly journals Specific Detection of Influenza A and B Viruses by CRISPR-Cas12a-Based Assay

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Bum Ju Park ◽  
Man Seong Park ◽  
Jae Myun Lee ◽  
Yoon Jae Song
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Lateral Flow Strip ◽  
Influenza Pandemics

A rapid and accurate on-site diagnostic test for pathogens including influenza viruses is critical for preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Two types of influenza virus, A and B cause seasonal flu epidemics, whereas type A can cause influenza pandemics. To specifically detect influenza A (IAV) and B (IBV) viruses, we developed a clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) system-based assay. By coupling reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), a CRISPR-Cas12a DNA endonuclease-targeted CRISPR trans-reporter (DETECTR) detected IAV and IBV titers as low as 1 × 100 plaque forming units (PFUs) per reaction without exhibiting cross-reactivity. Only 75 to 85 min were required to detect IAV and IBV, depending on isothermal nucleic acid amplification methods, and results were verified using a lateral flow strip assay that does not require additional analytic equipment. Taken together, our findings establish RT-RPA and RT-LAMP-coupled DETECTR-based diagnostic tests for rapid, specific and high-sensitivity detection of IAV and IBV using fluorescence and lateral flow assays. The diagnostic test developed in this study can be used to distinguish IAV and IBV infections, a capability that is necessary for monitoring and preventing the spread of influenza epidemics and pandemics.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of human coronaviruses among patients visiting hospital-based sentinel sites in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elijah Nicholas Mulabbi ◽  
Robert Tweyongyere ◽  
Fred Wabwire-Mangen ◽  
Edison Mworozi ◽  
Jeff Koehlerb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background Human coronaviruses are causative agents of respiratory infections with several subtypes being prevalent worldwide. They cause respiratory illnesses of varying severity and have been described to be continuously emerging but their prevalence is not well documented in Uganda. This study assessed the seroprevalence of antibodies against the previously known human coronaviruses prior 2019 in Uganda. Methods A total 377 serum samples collected from volunteers that showed influenza like illness in five hospital-based sentinel sites and archived were analyzed using a commercial Qualitative Human Coronavirus Antibody IgG ELISA kit. Although there is no single kit available that can detect the presence of all the circulating coronaviruses, this kit uses a nucleoprotein, aa 340–390 to coat the wells and since there is significant homology among the various human coronavirus strains with regards to the coded for proteins, there is significant cross reactivity beyond HCoV HKU-39849 2003. This gives the kit a qualitative ability to detect the presence of human coronavirus antibodies in a sample. Results The overall seroprevalence for all the sites was 87.53% with no significant difference in the seroprevalence between the Hospital based sentinel sites (p = 0.8). Of the seropositive, the age group 1–5 years had the highest percentage (46.97), followed by 6–10 years (16.67) and then above 20 (16.36). An odds ratio of 1.6 (CI 0.863–2.97, p = 0.136) showed that those volunteers below 5 years of age were more likely to be seropositive compared to those above 5 years. The seropositivity was generally high throughout the year with highest being recorded in March and the lowest in February and December. Conclusions The seroprevalence of Human coronaviruses is alarmingly high which calls for need to identify and characterize the circulating coronavirus strains so as to guide policy on the control strategies.

scholarly journals Recommended Mitigation Measures for an Influenza Pandemic in Remote and Isolated First Nations Communities of Ontario, Canada: A Community-Based Participatory Research Approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia A Charania ◽  
Leonard JS Tsuji
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Community Based Participatory Research ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Influenza Pandemics

Influenza pandemics disproportionately impact remote and/or isolated Indigenous communities worldwide. The differential risk experienced by such communities warrants the recommendation of specific mitigation measures. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were conducted with adult key health care informants from three remote and isolated Canadian First Nations communities of sub-Arctic Ontario. Forty-eight mitigation measures (including the setting, pandemic period, trigger, and duration) were questioned. Participants’ responses were summarized and collected data were deductively and inductively coded. The participants recommended 41 of the questioned mitigation measures, and often differed from previous literature and national recommendations. Results revealed that barriers, such as overcrowded housing, limited supplies, and health care infrastructure, impacted the feasibility of implementing mitigation measures. These findings suggest that pandemic plans should recommend control strategies for remote and isolated Canadian First Nations communities that may not be supported in other communities. These findings highlight the importance of engaging locally impacted populations using participatory approaches in policy decision-making processes. Other countries with remote and/or isolated Indigenous communities are encouraged to include recommendations for mitigation measures that specifically address the unique needs of such communities in an effort to improve their health outcomes during the next influenza pandemic.

scholarly journals Comparison of Human-Like H1 (-Cluster) Influenza A Viruses in the Swine Host

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice R. Ciacci Zanella ◽  
Amy L. Vincent ◽  
Eraldo L. Zanella ◽  
Alessio Lorusso ◽  
Crystal L. Loving ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Antibody Titers

Influenza A viruses cause acute respiratory disease in swine. Viruses with H1 hemagglutinin genes from the human seasonal lineage (-cluster) have been isolated from North American swine since 2003. The objective of this work was to study the pathogenesis and transmission of -cluster H1 influenza viruses in swine, comparing three isolates from different phylogenetic subclusters, geographic locations, and years of isolation. Two isolates from the 2 subcluster, A/sw/MN/07002083/07 H1N1 (MN07) and A/sw/IL/00685/05 H1N1 (IL05), and A/sw/TX/01976/08 H1N2 (TX08) from the 1 sub-cluster were evaluated. All isolates caused disease and were transmitted to contact pigs. Respiratory disease was apparent in pigs infected with MN07 and IL05 viruses; however, clinical signs and lung lesions were reduced in severity as compared to TX08. On day 5 following infection MN07-infected pigs had lower virus titers than the TX08 pigs, suggesting that although this H1N1 was successfully transmitted, it may not replicate as efficiently in the upper or lower respiratory tract. MN07 and IL05 H1N1 induced higher serum antibody titers than TX08. Greater serological cross-reactivity was observed for viruses from the same HA phylogenetic sub-cluster; however, antigenic differences between the sub-clusters may have implications for disease control strategies for pigs.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Human Coronaviruses Among Patients Visiting Hospital-Based Sentinel Sites in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MULABBI NICHOLAS ELIJAH ◽  
Robert Tweyongyere ◽  
Fred Wabwire-Mangen ◽  
Edison Mworozi ◽  
Jeff Koehlerb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

Abstract Background: Human coronaviruses are causative agents of respiratory infections with several subtypes being prevalent worldwide. They cause respiratory illnesses of varying severity and have been described to be continuously emerging but their prevalence is not well documented in Uganda. This study assessed the seroprevalence of antibodies against the previously known human coronaviruses prior 2019 in Uganda.Methods: A total 377 serum samples collected from volunteers that showed influenza like illness in five hospital-based sentinel sites and archived were analyzed using a commercial Qualitative Human Coronavirus Antibody IgG ELISA kit. Although there is no single kit available that can detect the presence of all the circulating coronaviruses, this kit uses a nucleoprotein, aa 340-390 to coat the wells and since there is significant homology among the various human coronavirus strains with regards to the coded for proteins, there is significant cross reactivity beyond HCoV HKU-39849 2003. This gives the kit a qualitative ability to detect the presence of human coronavirus antibodies in a sample. Results: The overall seroprevalence for all the sites was 87.53% with no significant difference in the seroprevalence between the Hospital based sentinel sites (p=0.8). Of the seropositive, the age group 1-5 years had the highest percentage (46.97), followed by 6-10 years (16.67) and then above 20 (16.36). The volunteers were divided into two broad categories, those below five years and those above five years, to calculate the odds ratio. The odds ratio of those seropositive with an age above 5 years with reference to those below 5 years was 0.62. This shows that those below 5 are more likely to be seropositive compared to those above 5 years. The seropositivity was generally high throughout the year with highest being recorded in March and the lowest in February and December. Conclusions: The seroprevalence of Human coronaviruses is alarmingly high which calls for need to identify and characterize the circulating coronavirus strains so as to guide policy on the control strategies.

Alpha proteobacteria of genusAnaplasma(Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae): Epidemiology and characteristics ofAnaplasmaspecies related to veterinary and public health importance

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
FARHAN AHMAD ATIF
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Habitat Modification ◽  
Nucleic Acid Detection ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis

SUMMARYTheAnaplasmaspecies are important globally distributed tick-transmitted bacteria of veterinary and public health importance. These pathogens, cause anaplasmosis in domestic and wild animal species including humans.Rhipicephalus, Ixodes, DermacentorandAmblyommagenera of ticks are the important vectors ofAnaplasma.Acute anaplasmosis is usually diagnosed upon blood smear examination followed by antibodies and nucleic acid detection. All age groups are susceptible but prevalence increases with age. Serological cross-reactivity is one of the important issues amongAnaplasmaspecies. They co-exist and concurrent infections occur in animals and ticks in same geographic area. These are closely related bacteria and share various common attributes which should be considered while developing vaccines and diagnostic assays. Movement of susceptible animals from non-endemic to endemic regions is the major risk factor of bovine/ovine anaplasmosis and tick-borne fever. Tetracyclines are currently available drugs for clearance of infection and treatment in humans and animals. Worldwide vaccine is not yet available. Identification, elimination of reservoirs, vector control (chemical and biological), endemic stability, habitat modification, rearing of tick resistant breeds, chemotherapy and tick vaccination are major control measures of animal anaplasmosis. Identification of reservoirs and minimizing the high-risk tick exposure activities are important control strategies for human granulocytic anaplasmosis.

scholarly journals Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Control of Canine Infectious Cyclic Thrombocytopenia and Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: Emerging Diseases of Veterinary and Public Health Significance

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 312
Author(s):  
Farhan Ahmad Atif ◽  
Saba Mehnaz ◽  
Muhammad Fiaz Qamar ◽  
Taleeha Roheen ◽  
Muhammad Sohail Sajid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Universal Vaccine ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
And Control ◽  
Canine Anaplasmosis

This review highlights the diagnostic methods used, the control strategies adopted, and the global epidemiological status of canine cyclic thrombocytopenia and granulocytic anaplasmosis at the animal–human interface. Canine anaplasmosis is an important worldwide disease, mainly caused by Anaplasma platys and A. phagocytophilum with zoonotic implications. A. platys chiefly infects platelets in canids, while A. phagocytophilum is the most common zoonotic pathogen infecting neutrophils of various vertebrate hosts. Diagnosis is based on the identification of clinical signs, the recognition of intracellular inclusions observed by microscopic observation of stained blood smear, and/or methods detecting antibodies or nucleic acids, although DNA sequencing is usually required to confirm the pathogenic strain. Serological cross-reactivity is the main problem in serodiagnosis. Prevalence varies from area to area depending on tick exposure. Tetracyclines are significant drugs for human and animal anaplasmosis. No universal vaccine is yet available that protects against diverse geographic strains. The control of canine anaplasmosis therefore relies on the detection of vectors/reservoirs, control of tick vectors, and prevention of iatrogenic/mechanical transmission. The control strategies for human anaplasmosis include reducing high-risk tick contact activities (such as gardening and hiking), careful blood transfusion, by passing immunosuppression, recognizing, and control of reservoirs/vectors.

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