Case-Control Study of Antibiotic Use and Subsequent Clostridium difficile–Associated Diarrhea in Hospitalized Patients

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Baxter ◽  
G. Thomas Ray ◽  
Bruce H. Fireman
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Healthcare Delivery System ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Study

Objective.To determine which antibiotics increase or decrease the risk of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD).Design.Retrospective case-control study.Setting.Nonprofit, integrated healthcare delivery system in Northern California.Patients.Study participants included patients with cases of hospital-acquired CDAD that occurred during the period from 1999 through 2005 (n = 1,142) and control patients (n = 3,351) matched for facility, calendar quarter during which hospitalization occurred, diagnosis related group for the index hospitalization, and length of hospital stay. All case and control patients had received antibiotics in the 60 days before the index date. For each antibiotic, the risk of CDAD was examined in relation to whether the patient received the antibiotic, after adjustment for use of other antibiotics, demographic characteristics, selected health conditions, and use of healthcare services.Results.The following antibiotics were associated with a significantly increased risk of acquiring CDAD: imipenem-cilastin (odds ratio [OR], 2.77), clindamycin (OR, 2.31), cefuroxime (OR, 2.16), moxifloxacin (OR, 1.88), ceftazidime (OR, 1.82), cefpodoxime (OR, 1.58), ceftizoxime (OR, 1.57), and ceftriaxone (OR, 1.49). Metronidazole and doxycycline were associated with a significantly reduced risk of CDAD (OR for metronidazole, 0.67; OR for doxycycline, 0.41). Other factors associated with an increased risk of CDAD were older age, longer hospital stays, use of proton pump inhibitors, prior gastrointestinal disease, and prior infection (not including C. difficile infection.)Conclusions.Some antibiotics appear to increase the risk of acquiring CDAD, notably clindamycin, third-generation cephalosporins, and carbapenems, whereas metronidazole and doxycycline appear to be protective, compared with other antibiotics.

S1229 Risk Factors for Recurrent Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea: A Retrospective Case-Control Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. S-209
Author(s):  
Nabeel Koro ◽  
Yazan Abdalla ◽  
Fasiha Kanwal ◽  
Jay R. McDonald ◽  
Angelique L. Zeringue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Clostridium Difficile Associated Diarrhea ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Neonatal Thrombocytopenia after Perinatal Asphyxia Treated with Hypothermia: A Retrospective Case Control Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Boutaybi ◽  
F. Razenberg ◽  
V. E. H. J. Smits-Wintjens ◽  
E. W. van Zwet ◽  
M. Rijken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Therapeutic Hypothermia ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Perinatal Asphyxia ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hypothermia Group ◽  
Control Study

Our objective was to estimate the effect of therapeutic hypothermia on platelet count in neonates after perinatal asphyxia. We performed a retrospective case control study of all (near-) term neonates with perinatal asphyxia admitted between 2004 and 2012 to our neonatal intensive care unit. All neonates treated with therapeutic hypothermia were included in this study (hypothermia group) and compared with a historic control group of neonates with perinatal asphyxia treated before introduction of therapeutic hypothermia (2008). Primary outcome was thrombocytopenia during the first week after birth. Thrombocytopenia was found significantly more often in the hypothermia group than in the control group, 80% (43/54) versus 59% (27/46) (P=.02). The lowest mean platelet count in the hypothermia group and control group was97×109/Land125×109/L(P=.06), respectively, and was reached at a mean age of 4.1 days in the hypothermia group and 2.9 days in the control group (P<.001). The incidence of moderate/severe cerebral hemorrhage was 6% (3/47) in the hypothermia group versus 9% (3/35) in the control group (P=.64). In conclusion, neonates with perinatal asphyxia treated with therapeutic hypothermia are at increased risk of thrombocytopenia, without increased risk of cerebral hemorrhage.

scholarly journals Incidence and Risk of Severe Ileus After Orthopedic Surgery: A Case-Control Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (S2) ◽  
pp. 272-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Mandl ◽  
Mayu Sasaki ◽  
Jingyan Yang ◽  
Sara Choi ◽  
Kelianne Cummings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Orthopedic Surgery ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Orthopedic Procedures ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Full Diet ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Post-operative ileus (POI) is common and can be associated with significant morbidity. Questions/Purposes We aimed to identify the incidence of and risk factors associated with severe post-operative ileus (SPOI) after elective orthopedic surgery. Methods We conducted a retrospective case–control study of patients undergoing elective orthopedic procedures at a single musculoskeletal specialty hospital. SPOI cases matched 1:2 to non-POI controls. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9), codes were used to identify patients who were coded as having an episode of POI. After chart review, a subset was classified as clinical SPOI cases, based on set criteria. Regression models were constructed to identify variables associated with SPOI. Results Of 273 POI cases, 77 (28.2%) were classified as SPOI. Overall rates of SPOI were 2.74/1000 orthopedic discharges, with SPOI most common in spine surgeries (9.07/1000 spine procedure discharges). Hypothesis-generating multivariable conditional logistic regression suggested that, for hip and knee cases, not being on a full diet by post-operative day (POD) 2 posed an increased risk of SPOI. For spine cases, not being on a full diet on POD 2 and longer surgery times were associated with risk of SPOI. Conclusions In this retrospective case–control study, patients undergoing elective orthopedic procedures who had not progressed to full diet by POD 2 and spine patients with longer operative times were most at risk for SPOI. These data can be used clinically by peri-operative physicians to stratify patients according to risk.

Genetic variation in PTX3 is associated with susceptibility to community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a retrospective case control study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingqi Xiao ◽  
Shiyi Bu ◽  
Tiantian Tang ◽  
Qiaojun Zeng ◽  
Biru Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Haplotype Frequency ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Strong Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Acute Phase Reactants ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Study

Abstract BackgroundEvidence indicates that single nucleoid polymorphisms (SNPs) of key molecules in innate immunity are related to clinical outcome of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a member of the acute-phase reactants superfamily and plays an important role against various diseases. The purpose of the current study was to assess the association between PTX 3 SNP and the risk of CAP.MethodsThis is a retrospective case-control study. Patients who were diagnosed with CAP between January 2018 to December 2019 in the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital were included as CAP group. Then CAP cases were matched 1:1 by gender with non-infectious hospitalized patients during the same time. We detected the genotypes, allele frequencies and haplotype distributions of three SNPs within PTX3 gene (rs2305619, rs3816527, and rs1840680) by polymerase chain reaction sequencing in CAP group and control group, and compared their associations with the risk of CAP.ResultsThree SNPs in both groups were consist with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. A strong linkage disequilibrium was detected between any pair of rs2305619, rs3816527 and rs1840680 (|D’|≥0.85). There were no differences of rs2305619 and rs3816527 in genotypic distribution and haplotype frequency between CAP group and control group. However, we identified that SNP rs1840680 AA homozygote was associated with a lower risk of CAP in adults (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.11-0.91; p = 0.03).ConclusionsOur findings suggested that PTX3 single nucleoid polymorphism was associated with the risk of CAP in adults.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Shiftwork and Violence Against Nurses: A Case Control Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 603-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Sun ◽  
Susan Goodwin Gerberich ◽  
Andrew D. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Physical Assault ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Multivariable Analyses ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Control Study

This study investigated the potential relationship between shiftwork and work-related physical assault (PA) against nurses who are at high risk of violence globally. Nurses (6,300), randomly selected from the licensing database and working in Minnesota, were surveyed regarding PA experiences. Through a nested case-control study, nurses who reported a PA in the previous 12 months and controls who were randomly selected from their assault-free working months, respectively, identified exposures experienced during the month prior to the assault month (cases) and the random non-PA months (controls). Comparing case and control exposures, shiftwork was examined relevant to PA. Among 310 cases and 946 controls, most worked 8 hours or less (87%, 88%) during day shifts (44%, 70%). Multivariable analyses (odds ratios [ORs] and 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) revealed increased risk of PA for nurses working evening (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = [1.05, 2.27]), night (OR = 3.54, 95% CI = [2.31, 5.44]), and rotating day and evening (OR = 2.88, 95% CI = [1.22, 6.80]) shifts, which provides a basis for intervention opportunities.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal endoscopy under sedation is associated with pneumonia in older inpatients—results of a retrospective case-control study

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-390
Author(s):  
Christopher M Kollmann ◽  
Wolff Schmiegel ◽  
Thorsten Brechmann
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Inflammatory Parameters ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Control Study

Background and aims Apparent aspiration is a notable adverse event during gastrointestinal endoscopy under sedation (GIES), but data about inapparent aspiration are scarce. Generally, particularly older patients are at higher risk of suffering from adverse events. Objective The objective of this article is to determine the risk of pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) and systemic inflammatory activation after GIES, especially in patients of at least 65 years. Methods The retrospective case-control study included 250 patients undergoing GIES and assigned age-, gender- and time of performance-matched controls without invasive procedure or sedation (ratio 1:1). Results On day 3 patients of advanced age presented with both pneumonia and LRI more often (2.6 vs. 0.0%, p = 0.041 and 7.8 vs. 2.5%, p = 0.034, respectively). In general, several inflammatory parameters increased significantly after GIES (i.e. white blood cell count (increase of ≥ 25%) 18.6 vs. 6.9%, p < 0.001), leading to more frequent antibiotic treatment (6.8 vs. 1.6%, p = 0.004). The effects were less pronounced on day 7. Conclusions Patients of advanced age carry an increased risk of pneumonia and LRI after GIES. Patients are generally more likely to feature inflammation and to receive antibiotic treatment.

scholarly journals Hospital acquired Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric wards: a retrospective case–control study

SpringerPlus ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayse Karaaslan ◽  
Ahmet Soysal ◽  
Nurhayat Yakut ◽  
Gulsen Akkoç ◽  
Sevliya Ocal Demir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Clostridium Difficile Infection ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Control Study
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