Trade‐Offs between the Reproductive and Immune Systems: Facultative Responses to Resources or Obligate Responses to Reproduction?

2007 ◽  
Vol 170 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susannah S. French ◽  
Dale F. DeNardo ◽  
Michael C. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Immune Systems ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals Trade-Offs for Viruses in Overcoming Innate Immunities in Plants

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 595-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Miyashita ◽  
Go Atsumi ◽  
Kenji S. Nakahara
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Viral Protein ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Immune Receptor ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Plants recognize viral infection via an immune receptor, i.e., nucleotide-binding site (NB)-leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins. Another immune receptor, receptor-like kinase proteins, which share an LRR domain with NB-LRRs, perceive conserved molecules of pathogens called pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns, but NB-LRRs generally perceive particular viral proteins. As viruses can evolve more rapidly than the host immune system, how do plant immune systems, which rely on the perception of proteins, remain effective? Viral adaptive evolution may be controlled by penalties that result from mutations in viral proteins that are perceived by NB-LRRs. Our recent studies in pea (Pisum sativum) suggest a penalty of increased susceptibility to another immune system. When a viral protein mutates to evade one immune system, the virus with the mutated protein becomes more susceptible to another. Such antagonistic pleiotropy of a viral protein by two independent plant immune systems may have precedents. Plants may rely on pairs of immune systems to constrain adaptive evolution by viruses and thereby maintain durable antiviral immunity.

scholarly journals Structures and Strategies of Anti-CRISPR-Mediated Immune Suppression

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanner Wiegand ◽  
Shweta Karambelkar ◽  
Joseph Bondy-Denomy ◽  
Blake Wiedenheft
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Protein Binding ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Immune Suppression ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Ribonucleoprotein Complexes ◽  
Binding Partners ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

More than 50 protein families have been identified that inhibit CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas-mediated adaptive immune systems. Here, we analyze the available anti-CRISPR (Acr) structures and describe common themes and unique mechanisms of stoichiometric and enzymatic suppressors of CRISPR-Cas. Stoichiometric inhibitors often function as molecular decoys of protein-binding partners or nucleic acid targets, while enzymatic suppressors covalently modify Cas ribonucleoprotein complexes or degrade immune signaling molecules. We review mechanistic insights that have been revealed by structures of Acrs, discuss some of the trade-offs associated with each of these strategies, and highlight how Acrs are regulated and deployed in the race to overcome adaptive immunity.

scholarly journals Corticosterone modulation of reproductive and immune systems trade-offs in female tree lizards: long-term corticosterone manipulations via injectable gelling material

2007 ◽  
Vol 210 (16) ◽  
pp. 2859-2865 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. French ◽  
R. McLemore ◽  
B. Vernon ◽  
G. I. H. Johnston ◽  
M. C. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Immune Systems ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Female Tree ◽  
Tree Lizards

Trade-offs within the immune systems of female White-footed Mice, Peromyscus leucopus

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 630-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. MARTIN II ◽  
Z. M. WEIL ◽  
J. R. KUHLMAN ◽  
R. J. NELSON
Keyword(s):  
Peromyscus Leucopus ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Trade Offs

Novel players fine-tune plant trade-offs

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 83-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selena Gimenez-Ibanez ◽  
Marta Boter ◽  
Roberto Solano
Keyword(s):  
Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Transcriptional Reprogramming ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Jaz Proteins ◽  
Regulatory Feedback Loop ◽  
Fine Tune

Jasmonates (JAs) are essential signalling molecules that co-ordinate the plant response to biotic and abiotic challenges, as well as co-ordinating several developmental processes. Huge progress has been made over the last decade in understanding the components and mechanisms that govern JA perception and signalling. The bioactive form of the hormone, (+)-7-iso-jasmonyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile), is perceived by the COI1–JAZ co-receptor complex. JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins also act as direct repressors of transcriptional activators such as MYC2. In the emerging picture of JA-Ile perception and signalling, COI1 operates as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that upon binding of JA-Ile targets JAZ repressors for degradation by the 26S proteasome, thereby derepressing transcription factors such as MYC2, which in turn activate JA-Ile-dependent transcriptional reprogramming. It is noteworthy that MYCs and different spliced variants of the JAZ proteins are involved in a negative regulatory feedback loop, which suggests a model that rapidly turns the transcriptional JA-Ile responses on and off and thereby avoids a detrimental overactivation of the pathway. This chapter highlights the most recent advances in our understanding of JA-Ile signalling, focusing on the latest repertoire of new targets of JAZ proteins to control different sets of JA-Ile-mediated responses, novel mechanisms of negative regulation of JA-Ile signalling, and hormonal cross-talk at the molecular level that ultimately determines plant adaptability and survival.

Dual Goals for Speed and Accuracy on the Same Performance Task

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olive Emil Wetter ◽  
Jürgen Wegge ◽  
Klaus Jonas ◽  
Klaus-Helmut Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Memory Scanning ◽  
Performance Task ◽  
Performance Tasks ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Sternberg Paradigm ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

In most work contexts, several performance goals coexist, and conflicts between them and trade-offs can occur. Our paper is the first to contrast a dual goal for speed and accuracy with a single goal for speed on the same task. The Sternberg paradigm (Experiment 1, n = 57) and the d2 test (Experiment 2, n = 19) were used as performance tasks. Speed measures and errors revealed in both experiments that dual as well as single goals increase performance by enhancing memory scanning. However, the single speed goal triggered a speed-accuracy trade-off, favoring speed over accuracy, whereas this was not the case with the dual goal. In difficult trials, dual goals slowed down scanning processes again so that errors could be prevented. This new finding is particularly relevant for security domains, where both aspects have to be managed simultaneously.

Traits and trade-offs are insufficient for evolutionary personality psychology.

2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1073-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kennon M. Sheldon ◽  
Melanie S. Sheldon ◽  
Charles P. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Trade Offs
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