scholarly journals Interaction of Radiolabeled Antibodies with Fungal Cells and Components of the Immune System In Vitro and during Radioimmunotherapy for Experimental Fungal Infection

2006 ◽  
Vol 193 (10) ◽  
pp. 1427-1436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Dadachova ◽  
Ruth A. Bryan ◽  
Christos Apostolidis ◽  
Alfred Morgenstern ◽  
Tong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Radiolabeled Antibodies

scholarly journals Glucose Oligosaccharide and Long-Chain Glucomannan Feed Additives Induce Enhanced Activation of Intraepithelial NK Cells and Relative Abundance of Commensal Lactic Acid Bacteria in Broiler Chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Nathalie Meijerink ◽  
Jean E. de Oliveira ◽  
Daphne A. van Haarlem ◽  
Guilherme Hosotani ◽  
David M. Lamot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Long Chain

Restrictions on the use of antibiotics in the poultry industry stimulate the development of alternative nutritional solutions to maintain or improve poultry health. This requires more insight in the modulatory effects of feed additives on the immune system and microbiota composition. Compounds known to influence the innate immune system and microbiota composition were selected and screened in vitro, in ovo, and in vivo. Among all compounds, 57 enhanced NK cell activation, 56 increased phagocytosis, and 22 increased NO production of the macrophage cell line HD11 in vitro. Based on these results, availability and regulatory status, six compounds were selected for further analysis. None of these compounds showed negative effects on growth, hatchability, and feed conversion in in ovo and in vivo studies. Based on the most interesting numerical results and highest future potential feasibility, two compounds were analyzed further. Administration of glucose oligosaccharide and long-chain glucomannan in vivo both enhanced activation of intraepithelial NK cells and led to increased relative abundance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) amongst ileum and ceca microbiota after seven days of supplementation. Positive correlations between NK cell subsets and activation, and relative abundance of LAB suggest the involvement of microbiota in the modulation of the function of intraepithelial NK cells. This study identifies glucose oligosaccharide and long-chain glucomannan supplementation as effective nutritional strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota composition and strengthen the intraepithelial innate immune system.

scholarly journals Investigating Molecular Mechanisms of Immunotoxicity and the Utility of ToxCast for Immunotoxicity Screening of Chemicals Added to Food

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3332
Author(s):  
Olga V. Naidenko ◽  
David Q. Andrews ◽  
Alexis M. Temkin ◽  
Tasha Stoiber ◽  
Uloma Igara Uche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Toxicological Studies

The development of high-throughput screening methodologies may decrease the need for laboratory animals for toxicity testing. Here, we investigate the potential of assessing immunotoxicity with high-throughput screening data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ToxCast program. As case studies, we analyzed the most common chemicals added to food as well as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) shown to migrate to food from packaging materials or processing equipment. The antioxidant preservative tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) showed activity both in ToxCast assays and in classical immunological assays, suggesting that it may affect the immune response in people. From the PFAS group, we identified eight substances that can migrate from food contact materials and have ToxCast data. In epidemiological and toxicological studies, PFAS suppress the immune system and decrease the response to vaccination. However, most PFAS show weak or no activity in immune-related ToxCast assays. This lack of concordance between toxicological and high-throughput data for common PFAS indicates the current limitations of in vitro screening for analyzing immunotoxicity. High-throughput in vitro assays show promise for providing mechanistic data relevant for immune risk assessment. In contrast, the lack of immune-specific activity in the existing high-throughput assays cannot validate the safety of a chemical for the immune system.

scholarly journals Biofilm formation in the lung contributes to virulence and drug tolerance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Poushali Chakraborty ◽  
Sapna Bajeli ◽  
Deepak Kaushal ◽  
Bishan Dass Radotra ◽  
Ashwani Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimycobacterial Activity ◽  
Drug Tolerance ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Slow Growing

AbstractTuberculosis is a chronic disease that displays several features commonly associated with biofilm-associated infections: immune system evasion, antibiotic treatment failures, and recurrence of infection. However, although Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can form cellulose-containing biofilms in vitro, it remains unclear whether biofilms are formed during infection in vivo. Here, we demonstrate the formation of Mtb biofilms in animal models of infection and in patients, and that biofilm formation can contribute to drug tolerance. First, we show that cellulose is also a structural component of the extracellular matrix of in vitro biofilms of fast and slow-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria. Then, we use cellulose as a biomarker to detect Mtb biofilms in the lungs of experimentally infected mice and non-human primates, as well as in lung tissue sections obtained from patients with tuberculosis. Mtb strains defective in biofilm formation are attenuated for survival in mice, suggesting that biofilms protect bacilli from the host immune system. Furthermore, the administration of nebulized cellulase enhances the antimycobacterial activity of isoniazid and rifampicin in infected mice, supporting a role for biofilms in phenotypic drug tolerance. Our findings thus indicate that Mtb biofilms are relevant to human tuberculosis.

scholarly journals An integrated framework for quantifying immune-tumour interactions in a 3D co-culture model

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gheed Al-Hity ◽  
FengWei Yang ◽  
Eduard Campillo-Funollet ◽  
Andrew E. Greenstein ◽  
Hazel Hunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Culture Model ◽  
Spheroid Growth ◽  
Confocal Images ◽  
Cancer Spheroids

AbstractInvestigational in vitro models that reflect the complexity of the interaction between the immune system and tumours are limited and difficult to establish. Herein, we present a platform to study the tumour-immune interaction using a co-culture between cancer spheroids and activated immune cells. An algorithm was developed for analysis of confocal images of the co-culture to evaluate the following quantitatively; immune cell infiltration, spheroid roundness and spheroid growth. As a proof of concept, the effect of the glucocorticoid stress hormone, cortisol was tested on 66CL4 co-culture model. Results were comparable to 66CL4 syngeneic in vivo mouse model undergoing psychological stress. Furthermore, administration of glucocorticoid receptor antagonists demonstrated the use of this model to determine the effect of treatments on the immune-tumour interplay. In conclusion, we provide a method of quantifying the interaction between the immune system and cancer, which can become a screening tool in immunotherapy design.

scholarly journals The Scaffold Protein Cybr Is Required for Cytokine-Modulated Trafficking of Leukocytes In Vivo

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 5249-5258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Coppola ◽  
Colleen A. Barrick ◽  
Sara Bobisse ◽  
Maria Cecilia Rodriguez-Galan ◽  
Michela Pivetta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Leukemia Virus ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Scaffold Protein ◽  
Nucleotide Exchange ◽  
Lymphocyte Migration ◽  
And Migration

ABSTRACT Trafficking and cell adhesion are key properties of cells of the immune system. However, the molecular pathways that control these cellular behaviors are still poorly understood. Cybr is a scaffold protein highly expressed in the hematopoietic/immune system whose physiological role is still unknown. In vitro studies have shown it regulates LFA-1, a crucial molecule in lymphocyte attachment and migration. Cybr also binds cytohesin-1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the ARF GTPases, which affects actin cytoskeleton remodeling during cell migration. Here we show that expression of Cybr in vivo is differentially modulated by type 1 cytokines during lymphocyte maturation. In mice, Cybr deficiency negatively affects leukocytes circulating in blood and lymphocytes present in the lymph nodes. Moreover, in a Th1-polarized mouse model, lymphocyte trafficking is impaired by loss of Cybr, and Cybr-deficient mice with aseptic peritonitis have fewer cells than controls present in the peritoneal cavity, as well as fewer leukocytes leaving the bloodstream. Mutant mice injected with Moloney murine sarcoma/leukemia virus develop significantly larger tumors than wild-type mice and have reduced lymph node enlargement, suggesting reduced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte migration. Taken together, these data support a role for Cybr in leukocyte trafficking, especially in response to proinflammatory cytokines in stress conditions.

IMMUNE SYSTEM OF POIKILOTHERMIC AQUATIC ORGANISMS

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-91
Author(s):  
G.I. PRONINA ◽  
◽  
A.A. IVANOV ◽  
A.G. MANNAPOV ◽  
O.V. SANAYA
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Cationic Protein ◽  
Complement Components ◽  
Red Bone Marrow

The paper shows features of the immune system of poikilothermic aquatic organisms of different taxonomic groups: crustaceans, fish, and amphibians. Defense mechanisms of crustaceans are presented by largely innate non-specific factors: external covers (including the exoskeleton), mucus, physical and chemical barriers lysozyme in the hemolymph, propanolamine system, and phagocytosis. The authors identified 4 types of cells (hemocytes) found in the circulating fluid of crayfish, depending on the morphological and functional properties: agranulocytes, progranulin,granulocytes, and transparent cells. Each type performs different functions in the process of immune defense. In fish, there is no red bone marrow and lymph nodes, the main organs of hematopoiesis include thymus, spleen, liver, lymphoid tissue of the brain and the trunk of the kidneys,accumulation of lymphoid tissue of the cranial box, intestine, and pericardium. Humoral components of the immune response of fish are represented by immunoglobulins, system complement components, lysozyme, C-reactive protein, interferon, lysine, hemolysin, hemagglutinin. Only IgM-like antibodies represent immunoglobulins in fish. The central organ of the amphibian immune system is the red bone marrow, but its role in the immune defense of amphibians has not been sufficiently studied. Peripheral organs of the immune system include kidneys, thymus, spleen, lymphomyeloid organs. Depending on the characteristics of the immune system of poikilothermic hydrobionts of different types, the authors offer methods for assessing their humoralimmunity (by determining phenoloxidase) and cellular response (by phagocytosis). Cellular immunity, and phagocytic activity, in particular, can be evaluated using cytochemical methods taking into account oxygenindependent factors – the content of enzymatic lysosomal cationic protein in phagocytes – and oxygendependent ones – NBT-test with nitrosonium tetrazolium that records cytotoxic oxygen radicals generated during the respiratory explosion of cell stimulation in vitro.

scholarly journals Induced Expression of Sarcotoxin IA Enhanced Host Resistance Against Both Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens in Transgenic Tobacco

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 860-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ichiro Mitsuhara ◽  
Hiroki Matsufuru ◽  
Masahiro Ohshima ◽  
Hisatoshi Kaku ◽  
Yuki Nakajima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Transgenic Tobacco ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Induced Expression ◽  
Sarcotoxin Ia ◽  
Resistance To Infection

We demonstrate here that induced expression of sarcotoxin IA, a bactericidal peptide from Sarcophaga peregrina, enhanced the resistance of transgenic tobacco plants to both bacterial and fungal pathogens. The peptide was produced with a modified PR1a promoter, which is further activated by salicylic acid treatment and necrotic lesion formation by pathogen infection. Host resistance to infection of bacteria Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci was shown to be dependent on the amounts of sarcotoxin IA expressed. Since we found antifungal activity of the peptide in vitro, transgenic seedlings were also inoculated with fungal pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium aphanidermatum. Transgenic plants expressing higher levels of sarcotoxin were able to withstand fungal infection and remained healthy even after 4 weeks, while control plants were dead by fungal infection after 2 weeks.

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