Activity of an Alcohol-Based Hand Gel Against Human Adeno-, Rhino-, and Rotaviruses Using the Fingerpad Method

2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 516-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed A. Sattar ◽  
Makonnen Abebe ◽  
Angela J. Bueti ◽  
Hanuman Jampani ◽  
Jerry Newman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Virus Suspension ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Test Product ◽  
American Society ◽  
Water Rinse ◽  
Test Virus

Objective:To assess the activity against three non-enveloped viruses (an adeno-, a rhino- and a rotavirus) of a gel containing 60% ethanol, using experimentally contaminated thumb- and fingerpads of 12 panelists, as per standard procedure E-1838-96 of the American Society of Testing and Materials.Design:Each digit received 10 μL of the test virus suspension. The inocuLum from the thumbs was eluted immediately with 990 μL of Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS) to assess the amount of virus on each digit (0-minute control). The inoculum on the fingers was allowed to dry (20-25 minutes), and virus was eluted from two fingerpads to determine the loss in virus infectivity upon drying (baseline titer). Then the dried inoculum on randomly selected fingers was exposed to 1 mL of the test product or standard hard water (200-ppm calcium carbonate) for 20 seconds. The virus remaining was eluted with 1 mL of EBSS, titrated to determine the amounts eliminated, and compared to the baseline titer.Results:Each digit received at least 104 plaque-forming units of virus in 10 μL The amounts of adeno-, rhino-, and rotaviruses surviving the drying were 30%, 75%, and 42%, respectively. The product reduced the infectivity titers of the three viruses by 3 to >4 log10when compared to a reduction of ≤ 1 log10for the hard-water rinse.Conclusion:The level of virus reduction by gel was statistically significantly higher than that seen with the water control. Evidence for such activity against non-enveloped viruses supports further investigation of the benefits of this product.

scholarly journals Phosphatidylserine within the Viral Membrane Enhances Chikungunya Virus Infectivity in a Cell-type Dependent Manner

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerri L Miazgowicz ◽  
Judith Mary Reyes Ballista ◽  
Marissa D Acciani ◽  
Ariana R Jimenez ◽  
Ryan S Belloli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Outer Leaflet ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
In Cells

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus of the Togaviridae family, is the causative agent of the human disease chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is characterized by debilitating acute and chronic arthralgia. No licensed vaccines or antivirals exist for CHIKV. Preventing the attachment of viral particles to host cells is an attractive intervention strategy. Viral entry of enveloped viruses from diverse families including Filoviridae and Flaviviridae is mediated or enhanced by phosphatidylserine receptors (PSRs). PSRs facilitate the attachment of enveloped viruses to cells by binding to exposed phosphatidylserine (PS) in the viral lipid membrane - a process termed viral apoptotic mimicry. To investigate the role of viral apoptotic mimicry during CHIKV infection, we produced viral particles with discrete amounts of exposed PS on the virion envelope by exploiting the cellular distribution of phospholipids at the plasma membrane. We found that CHIKV particles containing high outer leaflet PS (produced in cells lacking flippase activity) were more infectious in Vero cells than particles containing low levels of outer leaflet PS (produced in cells lacking scramblase activity). However, the same viral particles were similarly infectious in NIH3T3 and HAP1 cells, suggesting PS levels can influence infectivity only in cells with high levels of PSRs. Interestingly, PS-dependent CHIKV entry was observed in mosquito Aag2 cells, but not C6/36 cells. These data demonstrate that CHIKV entry via viral apoptotic mimicry is cell-type dependent. Furthermore, viral apoptotic mimicry has a mechanistic basis to influence viral dynamics in vivo in both the human and mosquito host.

scholarly journals Neutralization of Virus Infectivity by Antibodies: Old Problems in New Perspectives

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Klasse
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Virus Neutralization ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Hiv 1

Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) can be both sufficient and necessary for protection against viral infections, although they sometimes act in concert with cellular immunity. Successful vaccines against viruses induce NAbs but vaccine candidates against some major viral pathogens, including HIV-1, have failed to induce potent and effective such responses. Theories of how antibodies neutralize virus infectivity have been formulated and experimentally tested since the 1930s; and controversies about the mechanistic and quantitative bases for neutralization have continually arisen. Soluble versions of native oligomeric viral proteins that mimic the functional targets of neutralizing antibodies now allow the measurement of the relevant affinities of NAbs. Thereby the neutralizing occupancies on virions can be estimated and related to the potency of the NAbs. Furthermore, the kinetics and stoichiometry of NAb binding can be compared with neutralizing efficacy. Recently, the fundamental discovery that the intracellular factor TRIM21 determines the degree of neutralization of adenovirus has provided new mechanistic and quantitative insights. Since TRIM21 resides in the cytoplasm, it would not affect the neutralization of enveloped viruses, but its range of activity against naked viruses will be important to uncover. These developments bring together the old problems of virus neutralization—mechanism, stoichiometry, kinetics, and efficacy—from surprising new angles.

scholarly journals Inactivation of hantaviruses by N-ethylmaleimide preserves virion integrity

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 1189-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Strandin ◽  
Jussi Hepojoki ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Antti Vaheri ◽  
Hilkka Lankinen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Buoyant Density ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Wild Type Virus ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Thiol Groups ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Nitrobenzoic Acid ◽  
The Family

Thiol groups of cysteine residues are crucial for the infectivity of various enveloped viruses, but their role in the infectivity of viruses of the family Bunyaviridae has thus far not been studied. This report shows that thiol groups are essential to the infectivity of hantaviruses. Alkylation of the thiol functional groups using the membrane-permeable compound N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and membrane-impermeable compound 5,5′-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) showed NEM to be a highly effective inactivator of Puumala and Tula hantaviruses. The NEM-inactivated hantavirus maintained the buoyant density of the wild-type virus. Furthermore, the antigenicity of glycoproteins and the cell attachment capacity of virions were retained at NEM concentrations that totally abolished virus infectivity. These results signified preservation of virion integrity following inactivation with NEM, making chemically inactivated virions valuable research antigens. It was demonstrated with biotin-conjugated maleimide, a mechanistic analogue of NEM, that all the structural proteins of hantavirus were sensitive towards thiol alkylation. In contrast to hantaviruses, NEM did not abolish Uukuniemi phlebovirus infectivity to the same extent. This indicates differences in the use of free thiols in virus entry among members of the family Bunyaviridae.

scholarly journals The degree of polymerization and sulfation patterns in heparan sulfate are critical determinants of cytomegalovirus entry into host cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. e1009803
Author(s):  
Dipanwita Mitra ◽  
Mohammad H. Hasan ◽  
John T. Bates ◽  
Michael A. Bierdeman ◽  
Dallas R. Ederer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Virus Entry ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Host Membrane ◽  
Mutant Cells

Several enveloped viruses, including herpesviruses attach to host cells by initially interacting with cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans followed by specific coreceptor engagement which culminates in virus-host membrane fusion and virus entry. Interfering with HS-herpesvirus interactions has long been known to result in significant reduction in virus infectivity indicating that HS play important roles in initiating virus entry. In this study, we provide a series of evidence to prove that specific sulfations as well as the degree of polymerization (dp) of HS govern human cytomegalovirus (CMV) binding and infection. First, purified CMV extracellular virions preferentially bind to sulfated longer chain HS on a glycoarray compared to a variety of unsulfated glycosaminoglycans including unsulfated shorter chain HS. Second, the fraction of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) displaying higher dp and sulfation has a larger impact on CMV titers compared to other fractions. Third, cell lines deficient in specific glucosaminyl sulfotransferases produce significantly reduced CMV titers compared to wild-type cells and virus entry is compromised in these mutant cells. Finally, purified glycoprotein B shows strong binding to heparin, and desulfated heparin analogs compete poorly with heparin for gB binding. Taken together, these results highlight the significance of HS chain length and sulfation patterns in CMV attachment and infectivity.

scholarly journals Plasma Calcium Concentration Modifies the Blood Sodium During Hemodialysis: Lessons from Hard Water Syndrome

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
Davide Viggiano ◽  
Pietro Anastasio
Keyword(s):  
Hard Water ◽  
Chronic Hemodialysis ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Plasma Calcium Concentration ◽  
Acute Changes ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Na Release ◽  
Esrd Patients

AbstractIntroduction. Extracellular sodium (Na+) concentration is maintained within a tight physiological range due to hormonal control, that mainly modulates thirst, Na+ and water renal excretion. Extra-renal regulation of Na+ and water homeostasis is only partially understood. Recently it has been debated whether the osmotically inactive Na+ storage is fixed or variable. Methods. In the present study, fourteen End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients treated by chronic hemodialysis underwent by accident to a sharp increase in plasmatic calcium (Ca+2) levels due to the failure of the water control system, leading to the so-called hard water syndrome. The levels of plasmatic Ca+2 after 1 hr of hemodialysis were correlated with urea, Na+, potassium (K+) and creatinine levels. Eleven ESRD patients treated with hemodialysis under similar conditions were used as controls. Results. The hard water syndrome resulted in hypercalcemia, while mean plasma levels of Na+, K+ and urea were not different compared to controls. Plasma creatinine levels were slightly but significantly higher that control. A correlation analysis on the measured variables has showed a positive correlation between plasma Ca+2 and Na+ levels (Pearson=0.428, p=0.032), and the absence of any correlation with K+, creatinine and urea concentration. Conclusions. Our study suggests that acute changes in plasmatic Ca+2 levels may affect Na+ concentration in the absence of renal function; it is possible that hypercalcemia may trigger Na+ release from the osmotically inactive storage. These data further support previous observations on the interplay of sodium and calcium at extrarenal sites.

scholarly journals Baculovirus utilizes cholesterol transporter Niemann–Pick C1 for host cell entry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihong Li ◽  
Junhong Wei ◽  
Youpeng Fan ◽  
Xionge Mei ◽  
Qiang He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Insect Cells ◽  
Foreign Gene ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Viral Glycoprotein ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Baculovirus Infection ◽  
Niemann Pick

ABSTRACTThe dual roles of baculovirus for the control of natural insect populations as an insecticide, and for foreign gene expression and delivery, have called for a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing viral infection. Here, we demonstrate that theBombyx moriNiemann-Pick C1 (BmNPC1) is essential for baculovirus infection in insect cells. Both pretreatment ofBombyx moriembryonic cells (BmE) with NPC1 antagonists (imipramine or U18666A) and down-regulation of NPC1 expression resulted in a significant reduction in baculovirus BmNPV (Bombyx morinuclear polyhedrosis virus) infectivity. Furthermore, we show that the major glycoprotein gp64 of BmNPV, responsible for both receptor binding and fusion, is able to interact predominantly with the BmNPC1 C domain, with an enhanced binding capacity at low pH conditions, indicating that NPC1 most likely plays a role during viral fusion in endosomal compartments. Our results, combined with previous studies identifying an essential role of hNPC1 in filovirus infection, suggest that the glycoprotein of several enveloped viruses possess a shared strategy of exploiting host NPC1 proteins during virus intracellular entry events.IMPORTANCEBmNPV is one of the most important members of theBaculoviridae; many viruses in this family have been frequently employed as viral vectors for foreign gene delivery or expression and as biopesticides, but their host receptors still remain unclear. Here, we describe that the intracellular cholesterol transporter BmNPC1 is indispensable for BmNPV infection in insect cells, and it interacts with the major viral glycoprotein gp64. Our study on the role of BmNPC1 in baculovirus infection has further expanded the list of the enveloped viruses that require host NPC1 proteins for entry, and will ultimately help us to uncover the molecular mechanism of the involvement of NPC1 proteins in the entry process of many enveloped viruses.

scholarly journals 781. Antiviral Effectiveness of Different Disinfectants on Surfaces Contaminated with Surrogate Non-enveloped Viruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S487-S488
Author(s):  
Bahgat Gerges ◽  
Joel Rosenblatt ◽  
Issam I Raad
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Medical Issues ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency Method

Abstract Background Contamination of surfaces with virions remains an important medical issues because they can serve as fomites for viral transmission. Long acting disinfectants are important because viruses can remain viable for extended durations. Here we assessed the anti-viral efficacy of various environmental spray disinfectants against F specific coliphage MS2, and Feline Calicivirus (FCV) as surrogate non-enveloped viruses. Methods MS2 was grown and titrated according to Environmental Protection Agency method 1601 and counted as plague forming unit per milliliter (PFU/mL.). Strain F9 of FCV was propagated and titrated in monolayers of Crandell-Reese Feline Kidney cells. Commercially available and an experimental disinfectant based on a biguanide combination were tested. The disinfectants, both wet and as dried residues, were compared on silicone surfaces for reduction of viral loads following 1-minute exposure to high viral load challenges (106-107 PFU/ml). Sterilized deionized water was used as a control. Results Results (as log10 reduction relative to sterilized deionized water control) are tabulated below for the disinfectants in wet and dry states following 1-minute viral challenges. Log10 reductions of MS2 and FCV viral loads following 1-minute exposures to disinfectants in wet and dry residue states. Conclusion The disinfectants were generally much less effective as dried residues than wet. The biguanide-combination and hydrogen peroxide-combination disinfectants were the most effective disinfectants tested in both wet and dry residue states. Both warrant further study for extended eradication of highly infectious viruses on surfaces. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein palmitoylation reduces virus infectivity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Ramadan ◽  
Karthick Mayilsamy ◽  
Andrew R. McGill ◽  
Anandita Ghosh ◽  
Marc A. Giulianotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fusion ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Rich Domain ◽  
Protein Palmitoylation ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Precise Role ◽  
Cysteine Rich Domain

Spike glycoproteins of almost all enveloped viruses are known to undergo post-translational attachment of palmitic acid moieties. The precise role of such palmitoylation of the spike protein in membrane fusion and infection is not completely understood. Here, we report that palmitoylation of the first five cysteine residues of the c-terminal cysteine-rich domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike are indispensable for infection, and palmitoylation deficient spike mutants are defective in trimerization and subsequent membrane fusion. The DHHC9 palmitoyltransferase interacts with and palmitoylates the spike protein in the ER and Golgi, and knockdown of DHHC9 results in reduced fusion and infection of SARS-CoV-2. Two bis-piperazine backbone-based DHHC9 inhibitors inhibit SARS-CoV-2 spike protein palmitoylation and the resulting progeny virion particles released are defective in fusion and infection. This establishes these palmitoyltransferase inhibitors as potential new intervention strategies against SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Hospital Germicides against Adenovirus 8, a Common Cause of Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis in Health Care Facilities

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1419-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Rutala ◽  
Jeffrey E. Peacock ◽  
Maria F. Gergen ◽  
Mark D. Sobsey ◽  
David J. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis ◽  
Common Cause

ABSTRACT The inactivation of virus-contaminated nonporous inanimate surfaces was investigated using adenovirus type 8, a common cause of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. A 10-μl inoculum of adenovirus was placed onto each stainless steel disk (1-cm diameter), and the inoculum was allowed to air dry for 40 min. Twenty-one different germicides (including disinfectants and antiseptics) were selected for this study based on their current uses in health care. After a 1- or 5-minute exposure to 50 μl of the germicide, the virus-germicide test mixture was neutralized and assayed for infectivity. Using an efficacy criterion of a 3-log10 reduction in the titer of virus infectivity and regardless of the virus suspending medium (i.e., hard water, sterile water, and hard water with 5% fetal calf serum), only five disinfectants proved to be effective against the test virus at 1 min: 0.55% ortho-phthalaldehyde, 2.4% glutaraldehyde, 2.65% glutaraldehyde, ∼6,000 ppm chlorine, and ∼1,900 ppm chlorine. Four other disinfectants showed effectiveness under four of the five testing conditions: 70% ethanol, 65% ethanol with 0.63% quaternary ammonium compound, 79.6% ethanol with 0.1% quaternary ammonium compound, and 0.2% peracetic acid. Of the germicides suitable for use as an antiseptic, 70% ethanol achieved a 3-log10 reduction under four of the five test conditions. These results emphasize the need for proper selection of germicides for use in disinfecting noncritical surfaces and semicritical medical devices, such as applanation tonometers, in order to prevent outbreaks of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document