54 Background: Direct cytolysis of tumor cells by CD8+ T cells results from the net effect of at least two biochemical pathways: (1) stimulatory signaling from the activated T cell receptor (TCR) complex in response to its recognition of a tumor neoantigen presented in the context of autologous MHC class I, and (2) suppressive signaling from immune checkpoints, such as the response of PD1 to binding its ligand, PDL1. Because the PD1:PDL1 immune checkpoint is significant for therapy only when there is tumor cell-specific TCR activation and signaling, it is not surprising that simple measurements of either PD1 or PDL1 in tumor biopsies are, at best, imperfect predictive biomarkers. Instead, a more precise test that quantifies PD1 signaling due to PDL1 binding only in the subset of CD8+ T cells exhibiting activated TCR signaling should provide a more accurate assessment of the extent of immune checkpoint suppression of tumor immunity and therefore be a more predictive biomarker of response to PD1/PDL1-targeted immunotherapy. Methods: We have developed a multiplexed immunofluorescence microscopy test capable of simultaneous quantitation of TCR activation (phospho-CD3zeta), immune checkpoint signaling via PD1 (phospho-SHP1 and -SHP2), and the net stimulation or inhibition resulting from the integration of these two pathways (phospho-ZAP70). Results: Specific antibodies to these biomarkers have been qualified, including peptide inhibition studies to establish antibody specificity, and their performance established by fit-for-purpose studies of in vitro models of CD8+ T cell activation. This multiplex biomarker panel is suitable for clinical use with formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded core needle biopsies of tumor and quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy (qIFA). Conclusions: The additional biomarkers of tumor immunity are expected to add an important context for interpreting PD1/PDL1 measurements. Funded by NCI Contract No. HHSN261200800001E.
CD8+T Cells in HIV Disease Exhibit Cytokine Receptor Perturbation and Poor T Cell Receptor Activation but Are Responsive to γ‐Chain Cytokine–Driven Proliferation