scholarly journals Does the U.S. Constitution Need an Equal Rights Amendment?

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Baldez ◽  
Lee Epstein ◽  
Andrew D. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Equal Rights Amendment ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
The U.S

Mobilizing Women’s Rights as Human Rights

2019 ◽  
pp. 170-197
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Marino
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Women's Rights ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Women’S Rights ◽  
Equal Rights Amendment ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
The U.S

This chapter examines how, during the Second World War, Latin American feminists continued to push broad meanings of international women’s rights and human rights in spite of little support from their U.S. counterparts. The women from the U.S. Women’s and Children’s Bureaus who replaced Doris Stevens in the Inter-American Commission of Women avoided promoting women’s “equal rights” because of the fraught Equal Rights Amendment debate in the U.S. Latin American feminists effectively pushed these U.S. counterparts on a number of issues, including toward advocacy for maternity legislation, which Latin American feminists asserted as a human right. The Atlantic Charter and Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms, which underscored social and economic rights, inspired Latin American feminists’ broad calls for human rights. Their framings included women’s rights, and greater economic security and multilateral relations in the Americas. These demands came together at the 1945 Chapultepec conference where a number of Latin American feminists in the Inter-American Commission of Women also paved the way for Latin American countries to appoint women to their delegations going to the conference that would create the United Nations.

“Spiritual Warfare”: Cultural Fundamentalism and the Equal Rights Amendment

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-154
Author(s):  
Donald G. Mathews
Keyword(s):  
Social Issues ◽  
Spiritual Warfare ◽  
Equal Rights Amendment ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
The U.S

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the U.S. Constitution was to have been the next prize for women after winning the vote in 1920. This agenda—first set in 1923—was not accepted by many women or most members of the U.S. Congress until 1972. During the long generation that separated the conception and birth of the ERA, there came also the gestation of modern feminism, which differed from the earlier suffragist ideology in its understanding of gender. Suffragists, for the most part, worked within traditional definitions, insisting that complex and vexing social issues required a woman's touch; women's uniquely gendered experiences should be added to those of men to solve modern problems.

The Equal Rights Amendment Reconsidered: Politics, Policy, and Social Mobilization in a Democracy

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald T. Critchlow ◽  
Cynthia L. Stachecki
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Mobilization ◽  
Equal Rights Amendment ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
The Law ◽  
The U.S

In the early 1970s, fifty years after its first appearance in the U.S. Congress, the Equal Rights Amendment came the closest it ever would to ratification. The ERA declared: “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” After sailing through Congress in 1972 with bipartisan support, the amendment went to the states for ratification. The response was positive and immediate: Hawaii approved the ERA the same day, twenty-one other states approved it before the end of the year, and eight more states the following year. Yet, by 1982 the amendment lay dead, having fallen three states short of the thirty-eight states needed for ratification.

The Equal Rights Amendment, Then and Now

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie C. Suk
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Constitutional Change ◽  
Equal Rights Amendment ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Meanings ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The U.S

One hundred years in the making, the Equal Rights Amendment is the only proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that has met the requirements of Article V of the Constitution but has not been added to the Constitution due to a congressionally imposed ratification deadline. The amendment guarantees that “[e]quality of rights shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex,” like gender equality guarantees in most constitutions around the world. This chapter exposes the unique trajectory of the Equal Rights Amendment to shed light on the process of feminist constitutional change and the evolution of substantive feminist legal aspirations. The revival of the ERA ratification process, decades after Congress’s deadlines, has generated transgenerational public meanings for a new body of gender equality law and public policy.

Different versus Equal: The 1920s

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Woloch
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Women's Movement ◽  
Equal Rights Amendment ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
The Social ◽  
National Woman's Party ◽  
Women's Politics

This chapter revisits Adkins and considers the feud over protective laws that arose in the women's movement in the 1920s. The clash between friends and foes of the Equal Rights Amendment—and over the protective laws for women workers that it would surely invalidate—fueled women's politics in the 1920s. Both sides claimed precedent-setting accomplishments. In 1923, the National Woman's Party proposed the historic ERA, which incurred conflict that lasted for decades. The social feminist contingent—larger and more powerful—gained favor briefly among congressional lawmakers, expanded the number and strength of state laws, saw the minimum wage gain a foothold, and promoted protection through the federal Women's Bureau. Neither faction, however, achieved the advances it sought. Instead, a fight between factions underscored competing contentions about single-sex protective laws and their effect on women workers.

Equality Challenged: Equal Rights and Sexual Difference

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Sherron de Hart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Difference ◽  
The United States ◽  
Democratic Society ◽  
Constitutional Amendment ◽  
Federal Legislation ◽  
Equal Rights Amendment ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Republican Government ◽  
The Law

“ERA Won't Go Away!” The words were chanted at rallies and unfurled on banners at countless marches as the deadline—June 30, 1982—approached for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. To include in the Constitution the principle of equality of rights for women, supporters insisted, was an essential of republican government in a democratic society. Congress had shared that perception in 1972, passing a series of measures aimed at strengthening and expanding federal legislation banning discrimination on the basis of sex. Included was a constitutional amendment simply stating that “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex.” Thirty-five of the thirty-eight states necessary for a three-fourths majority needed to amend the Constitution had given their approval.

scholarly journals Ellen Fitzpatrick, The Highest Glass Ceiling: Women's Quest for the American Presidency.

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-813
Author(s):  
Mary A. Yeager
Keyword(s):  
Glass Ceiling ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
American Presidency ◽  
2016 Election ◽  
The U.S

The Highest Glass Ceiling appeared just before the 2016 election. Hillary's ghost hovers. The U.S. presidency remains a male stronghold with its glass ceiling intact. Fitzpatrick and her publisher undoubtedly saw opportunity in a probable Clinton victory. There is a brief prologue and epilogue about Clinton that bookends the biographies of three other women who competed for the presidency in different eras: Victoria Woodhull, the Equal Rights Party candidate in 1872; Margaret Chase Smith, the 1964 Republican nominee; and Shirley Chisholm, the 1972 Democratic challenger.

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