John W. Reps and the History of American Town PlanningThe Making of Urban America: A History of City Planning in the United States. John W. RepsMonumental Washington: The Planning and Development of the Capital Center. John W. RepsTown Planning in Frontier America. John W. RepsTidewater Towns: City Planning in Colonial Virginia and Maryland. John W. RepsCities on Stone: Nineteenth-Century Lithograph Images of the Urban West. John W. RepsCities of the American West: A History of Frontier Urban Planning. John W. Reps

This chapter briefly describes the history of religious institutes in the United States. It first covers the demographics—the overall numbers and the ethnic and socioeconomic composition—of the various institutes during the nineteenth century. It next discusses the types of ministries the sisters, brothers, and religious order priests engaged in, and the sources of vocations to their institutes. The second section covers changes in religious institutes after 1950, covering the factors which contributed to the changes as well as their impact on the institutes themselves and the larger Church. The chapter concludes with a brief overview of the subsequent chapters.

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Mapping a Nation: Daniel Carter Beard’s Time as a Surveyor for the Sanborn Map Company

Abstracts of the ICA ◽

10.5194/ica-abs-1-359-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 1-1

Author(s):

John J. Swab

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Lived Experience ◽

The United States ◽

Early Years ◽

Urban America ◽

Fire Insurance ◽

History Of ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

The City ◽

Eastern Half

Abstract. Fire insurance maps produced by the American firm the Sanborn Map Company have long served as cartographic guides to understanding the history of urban America. Primarily used by cultural and historical geographers, historians, historic preservationists, and environmental consultants; historians of cartography have little explored the history of this company. While this scholarship has addressed various facets of Sanborn’s history (Ristow, 1968), no scholarly piece has explored the lived experience of being a Sanborn surveyor. This lack of scholarship comes not from any significant oversight but rather from the fact that the contributions of most Sanborn surveyors were anonymous and little recorded on the maps themselves. Moreover, the company itself has done little to save its own history, thus little is known of their individual stories and experiences. The exception to this is perhaps the most famous Sanborn surveyor of all: Daniel Carter Beard.Over the course of his nine-decade life, Daniel Carter Beard held several prominent positions including the co-founder of the Boy Scouts of America and the lead illustrator for many of Mark Twain’s novels. However, he got his start as a surveyor for the Sanborn Map Company in the 1870s, just a few years after its founding. His papers, housed at the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, includes a variety of ephemera from his time with the Sanborn Map Company.Trained in civil engineering, Beard got his start as a surveyor for the Cincinnati (Ohio) Office of Platting Commission, creating the first official plat map for the city. He was hired by Sanborn in 1874 and served as a surveyor until 1878, traveling extensively over the eastern half of the United States, parlaying his skills into creating fire insurance maps for Sanborn. Thus, this paper speaks to two main themes. The first theme traces the route of Beard during his early years with the company across the eastern half of the United States, documenting both the places he visited and the challenges he faced as a Sanborn surveyor. The second theme, interwoven through the paper, is an analysis of the innerworkings of Sanborn’s administrative structure and its relationship with the larger fire insurance market during the 1870s. Altogether, these documents present unique insight into the organization of the Sanborn Map Company and how it produced its maps during the second-half of the 19th century.

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History of Research in Developmental Psychology

The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology, Vol. 1 ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958450.013.0002 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 12-34

Author(s):

W. Andrew Collins ◽

Willard W. Hartup

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Nineteenth Century ◽

Public Policy ◽

Experimental Psychology ◽

Developmental Psychology ◽

The United States ◽

Psychological Development ◽

First Century ◽

History Of Research ◽

History Of

This chapter summarizes the emergence and prominent features of a science of psychological development. Pioneering researchers established laboratories in Europe in the mid-nineteenth century to examine the significance of successive changes in the organism with the passage of time. American psychologists, many of whom had studied in the European laboratories, subsequently inaugurated similar efforts in the United States. Scientific theories and methods in the fledgling field were fostered by developments in experimental psychology, but also in physiology, embryology, ethology, and sociology. Moreover, organized efforts to provide information about development to parents, educators, and public policy specialists further propagated support for developmental science. The evolution of the field in its first century has provided a substantial platform for future developmental research.

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Introduction

Intimations of Modernity ◽

10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631301.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Louis A. Pérez

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Nineteenth Century ◽

The United States ◽

National Liberation ◽

Historical Knowledge ◽

Historical Literature ◽

History Of

The character of the history of Cuba was fixed early in the nineteenth century, at the about moment that Cubans imagined the need for a proper history of their own. From that time forward, historical knowledge of Cuba has hewed to a well-defined narrative arc, one shaped discursively around the formation of nation, something of a chronicle of national liberation given principally to the celebration of collective resolve and commemoration of individual valor. Much of the historical literature has been given to the heroic, an account of a people to whom is ascribed indomitable will confronting adversaries possessed of unyielding determination, from which are derived two principal narrative subsets of struggle: against colonialism (Spain) and against imperialism (the United States)....

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Introduction

Monuments to Absence ◽

10.5149/northcarolina/9781469630830.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrew Denson

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Nineteenth Century ◽

Supreme Court ◽

The United States ◽

National Government ◽

National Council ◽

Cherokee Nation ◽

The West ◽

Historic Site ◽

History Of

This book began with tourism. In the summer of 1994, a friend and I drove from Bloomington, Indiana, where I attended graduate school, to Florida for a short vacation. As we sped along Interstate 75 through northern Georgia, I spotted a brown roadside sign announcing that, at the next exit, we would find New Echota, a state historic site interpreting the history of the Cherokee Nation. For a brief time in the early nineteenth century, New Echota was the Cherokee capital, the seat of the national government created by tribal leaders in the 1820s. The Cherokee National Council met at New Echota in the years prior to removal, and it was the site of the Cherokee Supreme Court. During a time when the United States and the state of Georgia pressured Cherokees to emigrate to the West, the new capital represented the Cherokees’ determination to remain in their homeland. It was also the place where, in late 1835, a small group of tribal leaders signed the treaty under which the United States forced the Cherokee Nation to remove. I had recently become interested in the history of Cherokee sovereignty and nationhood, and I concluded that I should prob ably know about this heritage attraction. We pulled off the highway and followed the signs to the site....

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A (Very Selective) Early History of Ballet in America

Ballet Class ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190908683.003.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 3-24

Author(s):

Melissa R. Klapper

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Nineteenth Century ◽

Young People ◽

World War I ◽

The United States ◽

Early History ◽

World War ◽

Ballet Dancers ◽

Metropolitan Opera ◽

History Of

Ballet developed slowly in the United States and depended on European dancers and teachers at first, but by mid-nineteenth century a few American-trained ballet dancers were beginning to make their mark. The opening of the Metropolitan Opera Ballet School in 1909 and the tours of Anna Pavlova contributed greatly to popularizing ballet and inspiring young people to begin taking ballet class before World War I. Expansion continued from the 1920s through the 1940s with the founding of the School of American Ballet and the performances of the various Ballet Russe companies in every corner of the country. The Littlefield sisters and Christensen brothers helped make ballet American by establishing important homegrown ballet companies with primarily American dancers. The regional ballet movement fostered further growth. All these developments in professional ballet encouraged ever-increasing numbers of Americans not only to enjoy performances but also to take ballet class themselves.

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History of Testing in the United States: PK–12 Education

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science ◽

10.1177/0002716219839682 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 683 (1) ◽

pp. 22-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maris A. Vinovskis

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Nineteenth Century ◽

No Child Left Behind ◽

Federal Government ◽

The United States ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

National Education ◽

The Past ◽

History Of ◽

K 12

This article provides a brief history of K–12 education testing in the United States from colonial America to the present. In early America, students were examined orally. After the mid-nineteenth century, written tests replaced oral presentations. In the late nineteenth century, graded schools gradually replaced the single-teacher, one-room schools. In the beginning of the twentieth century, standardized intelligence tests were increasingly used to categorize and promote students. State departments of education have played a larger role in local school funding and policies in the past hundred years. Since the 1960s, the federal government has expanded its involvement in national education while also promoting the role of states. During the past three decades, the federal government and states increased the use of high-stakes national testing with initiatives such as America 2000, Goals 2000, No Child Left Behind, and Every Student Succeeds.

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