Eye Preference, Visual Acuity, and Reading Ability

1943 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 539-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Spache
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Eye Preference

The LEO-Reading Test: A Set of Nine Reading Charts with M-Units

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 211-211
Author(s):  
A C Kooijman ◽  
J J G Beerthuizen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Viewing Distance ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Visually Impaired People ◽  
Character Size ◽  
Reading Charts ◽  
Reading Distance

Visual acuity, near-distance visual acuity, and reading ability all depend on the minimal angle of resolution. Visual acuity is defined as the inverse of the minimal angle of resolution, measured at a distance of 4 – 6 m, and expressed in units of (min arc)−1. Near visual acuity and reading ability are measured at reading distance. The preferred reading distance is not the same for every subject. A practical way to combine character size and reading distance is to use the ‘M-unit’ for text size and ‘Dioptre’ for the reading distance. For example, a character size of 1 M at a viewing distance of 1 m corresponds to a visual acuity of 1. A character size of 0.20 M at a viewing distance of 25 cm (=4 D) corresponds to a visual acuity of 1/(0.2 × 4)=1.25. In the rehabilitation institute we had a need for reading charts with different text blocks for repeated testing (OD, OS, OU, and at various illumination levels). Furthermore we wanted text blocks with a comparable layout and reading difficulty. Such reading charts exist in other languages and we preferred to adopt a similar design, together with the M-unit and Dioptre notation. We composed the text and tested the equivalence of text blocks by measuring the reading speed of young (aged 18 – 27 years) and old (aged 60 – 69 years) subjects. We present the resulting set of nine reading charts with a plea for general use of the M-unit and Dioptre notation for near-distance visual acuity and reading ability assessment in visually impaired people.

Reading Ability and Quality of Life in Stargardt Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 740-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittoria Murro ◽  
Andrea Sodi ◽  
Giovanni Giacomelli ◽  
Dario P. Mucciolo ◽  
Monica Pennino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Stargardt Disease

Purpose To study the reading performance of patients with Stargardt disease (STGD) and the relationship between clinical vision measurements and vision-related quality of life (VRQOL). Methods We studied both eyes of 16 patients with STGD. Each patient was examined for best-corrected visual acuity (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study [ETDRS]), reading ability (MNREAD and REX charts), contrast sensitivity (Pelli-Robson charts), fixation study (MP1 microperimeter), and VRQOL (25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire [NEI VFQ-25]). The correlation pattern among these variables was examined and an exploratory factor analysis was used to investigate dimensionality of both visual function and VRQOL. Results Mean ETDRS visual acuity was about 20/160 (0.9 logMAR). All studied psychophysical measures were highly or moderately correlated with MNREAD reading speed (p<0.05 level). A similar correlation was found between psychophysical measures and VRQOL, which was higher for MNREAD measures of acuity (r = -0.75) and speed (r = 0.74). Accordingly, exploratory factor analysis suggested that a single latent dimension explained most of the variance of vision psychophysical measures as well as of VRQOL. Conclusions We propose that reading ability should be assessed in patients with STGD, since we found that both MNREAD reading speed and visual acuity are strong determinants of quality of life. The observed relation between reading ability and VRQOL in STGD suggests that in these patients appropriate low vision rehabilitation can improve both reading performance and consequently VRQOL. Finally, our data support the use of reading speed and visual acuity as important outcome measures for monitoring STGD progression.

Refractive Surgery Outcomes Comparison—All Wavefront-guided Versus a Decision Tree for Selecting Wavefront-guided or Wavefront-optimized

2012 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl G Stonecipher ◽  
Richard Potvin ◽  
Jay J Meyer ◽  
Dan Durrie ◽  
Kody Stonecipher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Decision Tree ◽  
Refractive Outcomes ◽  
Included Patient ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Eye Preference ◽  
Contralateral Eye ◽  
The One ◽  
Optimized Treatment ◽  
Lost To Follow Up

The purpose of this article is to compare refractive outcomes based on all wavefront-guided procedures versus a decision tree designed to assist with the selection of wavefront-guided or wavefront-optimized procedures. The setting was the The Laser Center, Greensboro. Twenty subjects were treated with a VISX CustomVue™ wavefront-guided refractive procedure in one eye and a WaveLight Allegretto procedure (wavefront-guided or optimized) in the contralateral eye. A decision tree was used to decide whether a wavefront-guided or wavefront-optimized procedure would be performed with the WaveLight system. The CustomVue eye was chosen at random. Visual acuity and refractive error were recorded pre-operatively and post-operatively. Subjective post-operative data included patient reported eye preference and post-operative glare and halos. The results were that one subject was lost to follow-up, leaving 19 subjects for analysis at three months. Of those subjects with data, 12 received wavefront-optimized treatment while seven subjects received a wavefront-guided treatment with the WaveLight laser. There were no significant differences in uncorrected visual acuity between the VISX and Wavelight groups at the one-day or six-month visits. At three months, 56 % of patients indicated no preference, with the remaining 44 % indicating a preference for the WaveLight-treated eye (p<0.05). The patient reported outcomes showed a similar incidence of post-operative glare and halos reported between the two treatments. Results with the Allegretto Wave Eye-Q laser, using a decision tree to determine whether a wavefront-optimized or a wavefront-guided treatment would be performed, were equivalent to those achieved with the VISX Star S4 wavefront-guided procedure.

scholarly journals Oculomotor-related measures but not distance visual acuity are predictive of reading ability in first graders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avi Portnoy ◽  
Sharon Gilaie-Dotan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
First Graders ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Vision Screening ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Distance Visual Acuity

AbstractVision screening in junior schools around the globe are often limited to distance visual acuity (dVA). Oculomotor dysfunction (OMD) is an umbrella term that includes abnormalities in comfortable and accurate control of the oculomotor system (fixation, pursuits and saccades) and can exist despite normal dVA. Since we assumed that a basic prerequisite for successful reading is that the ocular sensory-motor functions perform in flawless harmony with effortless automaticity, we hypothesized that OMD but not dVA would have profound effect on comfortable and efficient acquisition of effective reading skills. Consequently, we retrospectively compared independently obtained (double blind) reading evaluations and extensive optometric screening examinations of a class of 28 first graders. We found, as we hypothesized, that performance on optometric oculomotor tests, but not dVA, were predictive of reading test performance (both speed and accuracy) according to the standardized national reading norms. Our results suggest reevaluating the effectiveness of dVA as a marker of visual readiness for scholastic achievements. We propose including OMD related assessments as part of a paradigm shift in both vision screening in early readers as well as potential treatment protocols for those pupils struggling to acquire efficient reading skills.

scholarly journals Control of disability glare by means of electrochromic filtering glasses: A pilot study

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 1650028
Author(s):  
Rosa Maria Coco-Martín ◽  
Rubén Cuadrado-Asensio ◽  
César Vega-Colado ◽  
Ricardo Vergaz ◽  
José M. Sánchez-Pena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Intraocular Lenses ◽  
Electrochromic Device ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Case Series Study ◽  
Disability Glare ◽  
Main Activity

Purpose: To evaluate the potential clinical usability of a new prototype of ophthalmic blue light filters developed by using electrochromic technology in pseudophakic patients complaining of glare. Methods: A prototype of electrochromic device was developed, with a specific frame that enclosed an electronic driver that allowed personalizing its function for each patient. A prospective, observational case series study was performed to test it. Five patients who had undergone cataract surgery with clear intraocular lenses and complaining of glare were included in the study. Main outcome measures were the results obtained in the satisfaction questionnaire that was delivered to patients. Then, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and reading ability data were evaluated with and without the prototype under different lighting conditions and different modes of the prototype after a complete month of use. Lens transmittance was also measured. Results: Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and reading function did not change significantly with prototype use. The main activity for which the prototype was used was walking. Only one patient found that the dimming level was insufficient. No patients reported variable discomfort when passing tunnels, not sufficiently clear indoors, or put on and remove discomfort. The lenses slightly decreased their transmittance at the end of the study. Conclusion: Glasses based on electrochromic technology may be acceptable for outdoor/indoor use and for distance–near vision. Future studies with larger samples must be conducted to confirm the clinical usability of these glasses.

Phonological Awareness Screening to Identify At-Risk Readers

1998 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margie Gilbertson ◽  
Ronald K. Bramlett
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
At Risk Students ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Standardized Assessments ◽  
Cutoff Score ◽  
Invented Spelling ◽  
Reading Measures

The purpose of this study was to investigate informal phonological awareness measures as predictors of first-grade broad reading ability. Subjects were 91 former Head Start students who were administered standardized assessments of cognitive ability and receptive vocabulary, and informal phonological awareness measures during kindergarten and early first grade. Regression analyses indicated that three phonological awareness tasks, Invented Spelling, Categorization, and Blending, were the most predictive of standardized reading measures obtained at the end of first grade. Discriminant analyses indicated that these three phonological awareness tasks correctly identified at-risk students with 92% accuracy. Clinical use of a cutoff score for these measures is suggested, along with general intervention guidelines for practicing clinicians.

Question Wording Effects in the Assessment of Global Self-Esteem

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Dunbar ◽  
Graeme Ford ◽  
Kate Hunt ◽  
Geoff Der
Keyword(s):  
Reading Ability ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Reading Scores ◽  
Poor Reading ◽  
Method Effect ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Positive Item ◽  
Method Effects ◽  
Best Fit

Summary: Marsh (1996) produced evidence that method effects associated with negatively worded items might be responsible for the results of earlier factor analytic studies that reported finding positive and negative self-esteem factors in the Rosenberg Global self-esteem scale ( Rosenberg, 1965 ). He analyzed data collected from children using a 7-item self-esteem measure. This report details attempts to replicate Marsh 's analysis in data collected from two samples of adults who completed the full 10-item Global Self-Esteem (GSE) scale. The results reported here are similar to those given by Marsh in so much as a correlated uniquenesses model produced a superior fit to the data than the simple one factor model (without correlated uniquenesses) or the often reported two factor (positive and negative self-esteem) model. However, whilst Marsh reported that the best fit was produced by allowing negative item uniquenesses to correlate with each other, the model that produced the best fit to these data was one that contained correlated positive item uniquenesses. Supporting his claim that differential responding to negative and positive self-esteem items reflects a method effect associated with reading ability, Marsh also showed that factors associated with negative and positive items were most distinct among children who had poor reading scores. We report a similar effect among a sample of older adults where the correlation between these factors was compared across two groups who were selected according to their scores on a test of verbal reasoning.

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