Preference versus Performance in Taking Oral True-False Tests

People often filter their experience of new events through knowledge they already have, e.g., encoding new events by relying on prototypical event “scripts” at the expense of actual details. Previous research suggests that positive affect often increases this tendency. Three studies assessed whether awe—an emotion elicited by perceived vastness, and thought to promote cognitive accommodation—has the opposite effect, reducing rather than increasing reliance on event scripts. True/false questions on details of a short story about a romantic dinner were used to determine whether awe (1) reduces the tendency to impute script-consistent but false details into memory, and/or (2) promotes memory of unexpected details. Across studies we consistently found support for the first effect; evidence for the second was less consistent. Effects were partially mediated by subjective awe, and independent of other aspects of subjective affect. Results suggest that awe reduces reliance on internal knowledge in processing new events.©American Psychological Association, 2017. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the authoritative document published in the APA journal. Please do not copy or cite without author's permission. The final article is available, upon publication, at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000277

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4. Performativity and the “true/false fetish”

Truth, Force, and Knowledge in Language ◽

10.1515/9783110687538-004 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 49-72

Keyword(s):

True False

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Truth, Discussion, and Free Speech in On Liberty II

Utilitas ◽

10.1017/s0953820821000030 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Christopher Macleod

Keyword(s):

Free Speech ◽

Structural Features ◽

Broad Sense ◽

True False

Abstract In this article, I offer a reading of On Liberty II which focuses on the structural features of the argument that Mill presents. Mill's argument, I suggest, is grounded on an appeal to the value of truth, and is divided into three sub-arguments, treating true, false and partially true opinion respectively. In section 1, I consider what constraints the teleological orientation of Mill's argument places on the case he makes, before examining in section 2 what the division of Mill's argument into three exhaustive sub-arguments tells us about the nature of ‘discussion’ as Mill uses the term. I go on, in section 3, to suggest that although On Liberty II does not offer a defence of free speech in the broad sense in which the term is often now used, we should be optimistic about the chances of finding such a defence in On Liberty III.

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In Colore Veritas? Color effects on the speed and accuracy of true/false responses

Psychological Research ◽

10.1007/s00426-021-01528-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lena Nadarevic ◽

Nikoletta Symeonidou ◽

Alina Kias

Keyword(s):

Stroop Task ◽

Semantic Meaning ◽

Controlled Processing ◽

Conceptual Meaning ◽

Speed And Accuracy ◽

True False

AbstractIn addition to their perceptual or aesthetic function, colors often carry conceptual meaning. In quizzes, for instance, true and false answers are typically marked in green and red. In three experiments, we used a Stroop task to investigate automatic green-true associations and red-false associations, respectively. In Experiments 1 and 2, stimuli were true statements (e.g., “tables are furniture”) and false statements (e.g., “bananas are buildings”) that were displayed in different combination of green, red, and gray depending on the experimental condition. In Experiment 3, we used true-related and false-related words shown in green, red, or gray. Participants had to indicate the validity (or semantic meaning) of each statement (or word) as fast and as accurately as possible. We expected that participants would perform best when they had to categorize green stimuli as “true” and red stimuli as “false”. The prediction was only confirmed when green and red stimuli were presented within the same context (i.e., same experimental condition). This finding supports the dimension-specificity hypothesis which states that cross-modal associations (here: associations between color and validity) depend on the context (here: the color-context). Moreover, the observed color-validity effects were stronger when participants had to categorize single words instead of sentences and when they had to provide speeded responses. Taken together, these results suggest that controlled processing counteracts the influence of automatic color associations on true/false responses.

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An Objective Measure of the Self-Evaluation Motive

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1974.35.2.873 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 873-874

Author(s):

Lawrence R. Good ◽

Katherine C. Good

Keyword(s):

Objective Measure ◽

Reliability Coefficient ◽

The Self ◽

Self Evaluation ◽

True False

The development of a true-false inventory designed to measure need for self-evaluation produced a form having 25 items. A reliability coefficient (KR-20) of .79 was obtained for a sample of 177 undergraduates (88 men and 89 women).

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