scholarly journals History of Chemistry. Vol. I. From the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Nineteenth Century. Edward Thorpe

1911 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 709-709
Author(s):  
Alexander Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of Chemistry ◽  
History Of

When a Daring Chemistry Meets a Boring Chemistry: The Reception of Mendeleev’s Periodic System in Sweden

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Lundgren
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Periodic System ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Science ◽  
History Of Chemistry ◽  
System P ◽  
History Of ◽  
Per Se

The reception of Mendeleev’s periodic system in Sweden was not a dramatic episode. The system was accepted almost without discussion, but at the same time with no exclamation marks or any other outbursts of enthusiasm. There are but a few weak short-lived critical remarks. That was all. I will argue that the acceptance of the system had no overwhelming effect on chemical practice in Sweden. At most, it strengthened its characteristics. It is actually possible to argue that chemistry in Sweden was more essential for the periodic system than the other way around. My results might therefore suggest that we perhaps have to reevaluate the role of Mendeleev’s system in the history of chemistry. Chemistry in Sweden at the end of the nineteenth century can be characterized as a classifying science, with chemists very skilled in analysis, and as mainly an atheoretical science, which treated theories at most only as hypothesis—the slogan of many chemists being “facts persist, theories vanish.” Thanks to these characteristics, by the end of the nineteenth century, chemistry in Sweden had developed into, it must be said, a rather boring chemistry. This is obviously not to say that it is boring to study such a chemistry. Rather, it gives us an example of how everyday science, a part of science too often neglected but a part that constitutes the bulk of all science done, is carried out. One purpose of this study is to see how a theory, considered to be important in the history of chemistry, influenced everyday science. One might ask what happened when a daring chemistry met a boring chemistry. What happened when a theory, which had been created by a chemist who has been described as “not a laboratory chemist,” met an atheoretical experimental science of hard laboratory work and, as was said, the establishment of facts? Furthermore, could we learn something about the role of the periodic system per se from the study of such a meeting? Mendeleev’s system has often been considered important for teaching, and his attempts to write a textbook are often taken as the initial step in the chain of thoughts that led to the periodic system.

scholarly journals O químico e físico inglês Willian Crookes (1832-1919) e os raios catódicos: Uma adaptação tátil do tubo para o ensino de modelos atômicos para aprendizes cegos

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Jomara Mendes Fernandes ◽  
Sandra Franco-Patrocínio ◽  
Ivoni Freitas-Reis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Rarefied Gas ◽  
Vacuum Pump ◽  
Rarefied Gases ◽  
Electrical Discharges ◽  
History Of Chemistry ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

ResumoAs pesquisas sobre descargas elétricas através dos gases rarefeitos era tema de muitos estudos no século XIX. Em 1879, Willian Crookes (1832-1919) produziu, através de uma bomba de vácuo, um tubo de gás rarefeito que proporcionou meios de afirmar ser o raio catódico, o qual mais tarde Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940) denominaria elétron de natureza particulada. Defendemos a importância das imagens e representações dentro do estudo da química e, pensando nisso, o presente trabalho retrata a experiência de uma adaptação tátil do tubo de Crookes que foi utilizada em aulas da história dos modelos atômicos com um aprendiz cego. Palavras-chave: Educação Inclusiva; Deficiência Visual; História da Química.AbstractResearch on electrical discharges through rarefied gases was the subject of many studies in the nineteenth century. In 1879, William Crookes (1832-1919) produced, through a vacuum pump, a rarefied gas tube that provided a means of claiming to be the cathode ray, which later Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940) would call the electron of nature particulate. We argue for the importance of images and representations within the study of chemistry and, in light of this, the present paper portrays the experience of a tactile adaptation of Crookes tube that was used in classes of the history of the atomics models with a blind apprentice.Keywords: Including Education; Visual Deficiency; History of Chemistry.

The Autonomy of the Material Sciences

2020 ◽  
pp. 122-154
Author(s):  
Stephen Gaukroger
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Final Part ◽  
History Of Chemistry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Material Sciences

This chapter looks at the history of chemistry in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The experimental nature of nineteenth-century chemistry is explored. The kinds of considerations that concerned chemists are distinguished from those that concerned physicists, at the theoretical and experimental levels, but also in terms of the models deployed. The chapter shows the impossibility of unifying physics and chemistry. By examining the case of the establishment of atomism in the first decade of the twentieth century, it demonstrates that it is a mistake to consider this to be a case of unification of physics and chemistry. In the final part of the chapter, it is shown that particle physics offers no more prospects for the reduction of chemistry to physics than did nineteenth-century developments.

A history of some fruit models in wax and other materials: scientific teaching aids and courtly table decorations

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-JüRgen Lechtreck
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Teaching Aids ◽  
Scientific Teaching ◽  
Glass Marble ◽  
History Of ◽  
By Products ◽  
Wax Models

Two early nineteenth century texts treating the production and use of wax models of fruit reveal the history of these objects in the context of courtly decoration. Both sources emphasise the models' decorative qualities and their suitability for display, properties which were not simply by-products of the realism that the use of wax allowed. Thus, such models were not regarded merely as visual aids for educational purposes. The artists who created them sought to entice collectors of art and natural history objects, as well as teachers and scientists. Wax models of fruits are known to have been collected and displayed as early as the seventeenth century, although only one such collection is extant. Before the early nineteenth century models of fruits made from wax or other materials (glass, marble, faience) were considered worthy of display because contemporaries attached great importance to mastery of the cultivation and grafting of fruit trees. This skill could only be demonstrated by actually showing the fruits themselves. Therefore, wax models made before the early nineteenth century may also be regarded as attempts to preserve natural products beyond the point of decay.

Adam Zalužanský’s “De sexu plantarum” (1592): an early pioneering chapter on plant sexuality

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Funk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
English Translation ◽  
History Of Botany ◽  
Main Work ◽  
Botanical History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time

In the history of botany, Adam Zalužanský (d. 1613), a Bohemian physician, apothecary, botanist and professor at the University of Prague, is a little-known personality. Linnaeus's first biographers, for example, only knew Zalužanský from hearsay and suspected he was a native of Poland. This ignorance still pervades botanical history. Zalužanský is mentioned only peripherally or not at all. As late as the nineteenth century, a researcher would be unaware that Zalužanský’s main work Methodi herbariae libri tres actually existed in two editions from two different publishers (1592, Prague; 1604, Frankfurt). This paper introduces the life and work of Zalužanský. Special attention is paid to the chapter “De sexu plantarum” of Zalužanský’s Methodus, in which, more than one hundred years before the well-known De sexu plantarum epistola of R. J. Camerarius, the sexuality of plants is suggested. Additionally, for the first time, an English translation of Zalužanský’s chapter on plant sexuality is provided.

Correspondence between Adolphe Brongniart and Robert Schomburgk: trading natural history collections for honours

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-336
Author(s):  
PIOTR DASZKIEWICZ ◽  
MICHEL JEGU
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
British Guiana ◽  
Natural History Collections ◽  
History Of ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
German Naturalist

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses some correspondence between Robert Schomburgk (1804–1865) and Adolphe Brongniart (1801–1876). Four letters survive, containing information about the history of Schomburgk's collection of fishes and plants from British Guiana, and his herbarium specimens from Dominican Republic and southeast Asia. A study of these letters has enabled us to confirm that Schomburgk supplied the collection of fishes from Guiana now in the Laboratoire d'Ichtyologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. The letters of the German naturalist are an interesting source of information concerning the practice of sale and exchange of natural history collections in the nineteenth century in return for honours.

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