On the Species and Races of the Yellow Wagtails from Western Europe to Western North America. Vol. I, No. IX.C. H. B. Grant , C. W. Mackworth-Praed

1953 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-304
Author(s):  
Henri C. Seibert
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Western North America

scholarly journals Update on emissions and environmental impacts from the international fleet of ships. The contribution from major ship types and ports

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 18323-18384 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Dalsøren ◽  
M. S. Eide ◽  
Ø. Endresen ◽  
A. Mjelde ◽  
G. Gravir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
Low Latitudes ◽  
The World ◽  
Emission Modelling ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. A reliable and up-to-date ship emission inventory is essential for atmospheric scientists quantifying the impact of shipping and for policy makers implementing regulations and incentives for emission reduction. The emission modelling in this study takes into account ship type and size dependent input data for 15 ship types and 7 size categories. Global port arrival and departure data for more than 32 000 merchant ships are used to establish operational profiles for the ship segments. The modelled total fuel consumption amounts to 217 Mt in 2004 of which 11 Mt is consumed in in-port operations. This is in agreement with international sales statistics. The modelled fuel consumption is applied to develop global emission inventories for CO2, NO2, SO2, CO, CH4, VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds), N2O, BC (Black Carbon) and OC (Organic Carbon). The global emissions from ships at sea and in ports are distributed geographically, applying extended geographical data sets covering about 2 million global ship observations and global port data for 32 000 ships. In addition to inventories for the world fleet, inventories are produced separately for the three dominating ship types, using ship type specific emission modelling and traffic distributions. A global Chemical Transport Model (CTM) was used to calculate the environmental impacts of the emissions. We find that ship emissions is a dominant contributor over much of the world oceans to surface concentrations of NO2 and SO2. The contribution is also large over some coastal zones. For surface ozone the contribution is high over the oceans but clearly also of importance over western North America (contribution 15–25%) and western Europe (5–15%). The contribution to tropospheric column ozone is up to 5–6%. The overall impact of ship emissions on global methane lifetime is large due to the high NOx emissions. With regard to acidification we find that ships contribute 11% to nitrate wet deposition and 4.5% to sulphur wet deposition globally. In certain coastal regions the contributions may be in the range 15–50%. In general we find that ship emissions have a large impact on acidic deposition and surface ozone in western North America, Scandinavia, western Europe, western North Africa and Malaysia/Indonesia. For most of these regions container traffic, the largest emitter by ship type, has the largest impact. This is the case especially for the Pacific and the related container trade routes between Asia and North America. However, the contributions from bulk ships and tank vessels are also significant in the above mentioned impact regions. Though the total ship impact at low latitudes is lower, the tank vessels have a quite large contribution at low latitudes and near the Gulf of Mexico and Middle East. The bulk ships are characterized by large impact in Oceania compared to other ship types. In Scandinavia and north-western Europe, one of the major ship impact regions, the three largest ship types have rather small relative contributions. The impact in this region is probably dominated by smaller ships operating closer to the coast. For emissions in ports impacts on NO2 and SO2 seem to be of significance. For most ports the contribution to the two components is in the range 0.5–5%, for a few ports it exceeds 10%. The approach presented provides an improvement in characterizing fleet operational patterns, and thereby ship emissions and impacts. Furthermore, the study shows where emission reductions can be applied to most effectively minimize the impacts by different ship types.

scholarly journals Update on emissions and environmental impacts from the international fleet of ships: the contribution from major ship types and ports

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 2171-2194 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Dalsøren ◽  
M. S. Eide ◽  
Ø. Endresen ◽  
A. Mjelde ◽  
G. Gravir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
Low Latitudes ◽  
The World ◽  
Emission Modelling ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. A reliable and up-to-date ship emission inventory is essential for atmospheric scientists quantifying the impact of shipping and for policy makers implementing regulations and incentives for emission reduction. The emission modelling in this study takes into account ship type and size dependent input data for 15 ship types and 7 size categories. Global port arrival and departure data for more than 32 000 merchant ships are used to establish operational profiles for the ship segments. The modelled total fuel consumption amounts to 217 Mt in 2004 of which 11 Mt is consumed in in-port operations. This is in agreement with international sales statistics. The modelled fuel consumption is applied to develop global emission inventories for CO2, NO2, SO2, CO, CH4, VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds), N2O, BC (Black Carbon) and OC (Organic Carbon). The global emissions from ships at sea and in ports are distributed geographically, applying extended geographical data sets covering about 2 million global ship observations and global port data for 32 000 ships. In addition to inventories for the world fleet, inventories are produced separately for the three dominating ship types, using ship type specific emission modelling and traffic distributions. A global Chemical Transport Model (CTM) was used to calculate the environmental impacts of the emissions. We find that ship emissions is a dominant contributor over much of the world oceans to surface concentrations of NO2 and SO2. The contribution is also large over some coastal zones. For surface ozone the contribution is high over the oceans but clearly also of importance over Western North America (contribution 15–25%) and Western Europe (5–15%). The contribution to tropospheric column ozone is up to 5–6%. The overall impact of ship emissions on global methane lifetime is large due to the high NOx emissions. With regard to acidification we find that ships contribute 11% to nitrate wet deposition and 4.5% to sulphur wet deposition globally. In certain coastal regions the contributions may be in the range 15–50%. In general we find that ship emissions have a large impact on acidic deposition and surface ozone in Western North America, Scandinavia, Western Europe, western North Africa and Malaysia/Indonesia. For most of these regions container traffic, the largest emitter by ship type, has the largest impact. This is the case especially for the Pacific and the related container trade routes between Asia and North America. However, the contributions from bulk ships and tank vessels are also significant in the above mentioned impact regions. Though the total ship impact at low latitudes is lower, the tank vessels have a quite large contribution at low latitudes and near the Gulf of Mexico and Middle East. The bulk ships are characterized by large impact in Oceania compared to other ship types. In Scandinavia and north-Western Europe, one of the major ship impact regions, the three largest ship types have rather small relative contributions. The impact in this region is probably dominated by smaller ships operating closer to the coast. For emissions in ports impacts on NO2 and SO2 seem to be of significance. For most ports the contribution to the two components is in the range 0.5–5%, for a few ports it exceeds 10%. The approach presented provides an improvement in characterizing fleet operational patterns, and thereby ship emissions and impacts. Furthermore, the study shows where emission reductions can be applied to most effectively minimize the impacts by different ship types.

Lecania fructigena Zahlbr., a coastal saxicolous lichen, new for Europe, with notes on related species

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter P. G. van den BOOM ◽  
A. Maarten BRAND
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Western Mexico ◽  
North Western

Lecania fructigena has been found in western Europe. This species, previously known only from western North America and north-western Mexico, is described and compared with related species. It is easily overlooked for L. aipospila. Lecania sampaiana is a synonym of L. aipospila.

Genetic Variability and its Geographical Distribution in the Widely Disjunct Cavernularia Hultenii

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Printzen ◽  
S. Ekman
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Pleistocene Glaciations ◽  
Postglacial Expansion ◽  
Nuclear Its ◽  
Fruticose Lichen ◽  
North Western

AbstractThe fruticose lichen Cavernularia hultenii exhibits a strongly disjunct distribution between north-western North America, Newfoundland and north-western Europe. An investigation of its population structure, based on nuclear ITS and IGS DNA sequences, shows that western North America has a higher number of haplotypes than the two other areas. Most of the haplotypes confined to this region are rare and occur outside the area that was affected by Pleistocene glaciations. Three haplotypes are common in all three areas. The high number of haplotypes in western North America might be due to a combination of events during the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs, viz. increased lineage survival by repeated fragmentation of populations and reduced lineage extinction through rapid postglacial expansion and population growth.

Evolution of archaeocyaths and palaeobiogeography of the Early Cambrian

1986 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Yu. Zhuravlev
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Siberian Platform ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Early Cambrian ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Geographic Isolation ◽  
Taxonomic Rank ◽  
Two Peaks

AbstractIn the Early Cambrian, there were two peaks of the increase in number of new archaeocyathan genera. These diversification bursts are, perhaps, related to significant changes in Early Cambrian palaeogeography. The first burst at the beginning of the Atdabanian was, perhaps, connected with the initiation of archaeocyathan expansion beyond the Siberian Platform. During the second half of the Atdabanian, closely related archaeocyathan assemblages were established from North Africa to Australia because neither climate, nor geographic isolation could have affected their differentiation in that time. At the end of the Atdabanian and the beginning of the Botomian the number of archaeocyathan genera again increased sharply, and isolated provinces were established. The American–Koryakiyan province was formed in western North America (from Alaska to Sonora) and included the Koryakiya, while the Afro–Siberian–Antarctic province probably extended from North Africa and Western Europe to Siberia, Australia, and Antarctica. The main difference between the regular archaeocyathan assemblages lies in what skeletal elements filled the intervallum. There was a certain stability in the distribution of skeletal elements of high taxonomic rank and an interchangeability of elements of low taxonomic rank.

First record of Euscelidius variegatus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in eastern North America

2019 ◽  
Vol 151 (5) ◽  
pp. 648-650
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Parent ◽  
Lori Bittner ◽  
Joel H. Kits
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
First Record ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Euscelidius Variegatus

AbstractEuscelidius variegatus (Kirschbaum) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is a leafhopper known to vector phytoplasmas in cultivated vines (Vitis vinifera Linnaeus (Vitaceae)) of western Europe. Its occurrence has been recorded in western North America more than 60 years ago, but so far not in eastern North America, including Canada. In the last 15 years, three specimens have been found in Ontario near and around vineyards. Here we report the first record of E. variegatus in Canada and eastern North America.

Late Triassic dasycladacean alga from northeastern Oregon: significance of first reported occurrence in western North America

1989 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Flügel ◽  
Baba Senowbari-Daryan ◽  
George D. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Upper Triassic ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Dispersal Abilities ◽  
Wallowa Terrane ◽  
Fossil Alga

An Upper Triassic metaspondyle dasycladacean alga,Diplopora oregonensisn. sp., is described from the Hurwal Formation, southern Wallowa Mountains, northeastern Oregon. It occurs in the accreted Wallowa terrane, which is interpreted as far-travelled relative to the craton of North America. The fossil alga is found in limestone clasts within a limestone–chert–volcanic clast conglomerate of the Hurwal Formation. The new species is related toDiploplora borzaiBystricky, known from the Upper Triassic of the Carpathian Mountains and Sicily, but is distinguished by very small branches and a distinct segmentation of the thalli.Diplopora oregonensisis the first Triassic dasycladacean alga known from the United States, and perhaps from all of North America. The absence of calcareous green algae from rocks of cratonal North America, as well as from most Triassic displaced terranes of the eastern and western Pacific, is in stark contrast to counterparts in the former Tethys region of central Europe, where dasycladacean algae were abundant and contributed significantly to the sediment. This paucity of algae may be related to differences in environment, but more likely is linked to the paleogeographic situation and dispersal abilities of the algae. The similarity of the Oregon dasyclads to species in western Europe, coupled with the lack of dasyclad algae in any other part of North America, is evidence in support of a far-travelled nature for the Wallowa terrane.

New Azana species from Western North America (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2397 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER H. KERR
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
New World ◽  
Western North America ◽  
World Species ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Fungus Gnats ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dispersal Events

Two new species of fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae), Azana malinamoena and Azana frizzelli, spp. nov., are described and figured from California. These species represent the first records of Azana for western North America. A diagnosis of the genus Azana Walker is presented and a provisional key for the New World species of the genus is given. The discovery of A. malinamoena and A. frizzelli in California and their apparently close relationship to A. nigricoxa Strobl from south-western Europe (rather than to the only other Azana species known from North America, A. sinusa Coher) implies a more complicated biogeographic history of this genus in North America, one that probably includes multiple, independent dispersal events.

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