The Unloved State: Twentieth-Century Politics in the Writing of Nineteenth-Century History

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Wiener

“Who loves the state these days?” Frances Cairncross rhetorically asked in The Times Literary Supplement at the height of the Thatcher era. “People have become more cynical,” she went on, “about the central tenet of socialism: the concept of a wise and beneficent State, representing the best interests of the community at large.” The skepticism about the state as a provider of national well-being which Cairncross was referring to was of course not confined to Britain. Nor was it, in Britain, simply to be identified with “Thatcherism.” Rather, such disillusion developed over a period of several decades and across the political spectrum. As significant in this development as the thunderings of Thatcherites were the reconsiderations of those further left; David Marquand spoke for many when he declared his own tradition of Croslandite social democracy virtually bankrupt, flawed to the root by its statism, through which “civil society was seen, all too often, not as an agent, but as a patient.” The deep shift of opinion embodied in such observations has made its mark in a variety of realms, one of which is the subject of this essay: an alteration in the interpretation of British history, in particular of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the era in which this newly problematical state began to grow into its modern form.It has become something of a truism that historical writing is a part of the wider field of social discourse.

Author(s):  
Z. Smagulova

Mechanisms of partnership of various structures in public sector for the decision of society social problems are considered in this article. The state as the subject of activity in public sector, during an industrial epoch was the only guarantor of satisfaction of person’s social requirements, irrespective of his family well-being and incomes. The state sociality is shown that it takes responsibility for a standard of well-being of its citizens and in the modern state should provide with it equal access to getting of social sphere services.


Author(s):  
Rosada Pezzo ◽  
Danila Pescina ◽  
Fabio Fagiolari

Addiction is an issue that has existed for some time but with the rise of new technologies, not only was valued the concept of dependency inherent in the pathological bond that develops between a subject and substance, new forms have emerged much more aggressive devious and dangerously addictive behaviors related to recurrence of circular and harmful to humans. The key to the problem is offered by the constant pursuit of pleasure which satisfaction and psychological well-being, hedonistic concept has always sought by humans. The transition from "normal" to "abnormal" is relative to the times, more and more short, in which the subject tends to reach a positive value, such as that of being, behaving this flattening imagination to reality and removing its true value. This article will focus precisely on the new forms of behavioral addiction, or the New Addiction. Among these will be discussed also a dependence little known in Italy but very developed in America: the Vigorexia (or addiction to sports), which can lead to the assumption of doping substances. Vigorexia doping and traveling on the same track and take pathological forms because it is closely related to the need to need welfare linked to the use of substances harmful to the body and recurrence of harmful behaviors. Will address the issue of doping in many sports fields, to hear the case Pantani. With the epilogue, we will try to propose a thesis useful in a possible liberation from these circular needs, through the implementation of an inner path directed to the use of the resources that nature offers us spontaneously: endorphins. Riassunto La dipendenza è un tema che esiste ormai da diverso tempo ma con l’aumento delle nuove tecnologie, non solo è stato valorizzato il concetto di dipendenza inerente il legame patologico che si instaura tra un soggetto e la sostanza, sono emerse nuove forme molto più aggressive e subdole di dipendenza pericolosamente connesse alla reiterazione di comportamenti circolari e deleteri per l’essere umano. La chiave di accesso alla problematica è offerta dalla costante ricerca del piacere quale soddisfazione del benessere psico-fisico, concetto edonistico da sempre ricercato dall’essere umano. Il passaggio dal “normale” al “patologico” è relativo ai tempi, sempre più brevi, in cui il soggetto tende a raggiungere un valore positivo, quale quello del benessere, comportando questo un appiattimento sull’immaginazione e togliendo alla realtà il suo vero valore. Il presente articolo vuole focalizzare l’attenzione proprio sulle nuove forme di dipendenza comportamentale, ovvero le New Addiction. Tra queste verrà discussa anche una dipendenza poco conosciuta in Italia ma molto sviluppata in America: la vigoressia (o dipendenza da sport), che può portare all’assunzione di sostanze dopanti. Vigoressia e doping viaggiano sullo stesso binario e assumono forme patologiche perché strettamente connesse al necessario bisogno di benessere legato all’uso di sostanze dannose per l’organismo e alla reiterazione di comportamenti nocivi. Verrà affrontato il problema del doping in numerosi ambiti sportivi, fino a trattare il caso Pantani. Con l’epilogo si tenterà di proporre una tesi utile a un possibile affrancamento da tali bisogni circolari, mediante la realizzazione di un percorso interiore diretto all’utilizzo delle risorse che la natura ci offre spontaneamente: le endorfine.   Resumen La adicción es un problema que existe desde hace algún tiempo, pero con el surgimiento de las nuevas tecnologías, no solo se valoró el concepto de dependencia inherente al vínculo patológico que se desarrolla entre un sujeto y una sustancia, han surgido nuevas formas mucho más agresivas, tortuosas y peligrosamente adictivas. comportamientos relacionados con la recurrencia de circulares y perjudiciales para los humanos. La clave del problema la ofrece la búsqueda constante del placer que la satisfacción y el bienestar psicológico y el concepto hedonista siempre han buscado los humanos. La transición de "normal" a "anormal" es relativa a los tiempos, cada vez más cortos, en los que el sujeto tiende a alcanzar un valor positivo, como el de ser, comportando esta imaginación aplanada a la realidad y eliminando su verdadero valor. Este artículo se centrará precisamente en las nuevas formas de adicción conductual, o la Nueva Adicción. Entre estos se discutirá también una dependencia poco conocida en Italia, pero muy desarrollada en América: la Vigorexia (o adicción al deporte), que puede conducir a la asunción de sustancias antidopaje. La vigorexia dopa y viaja por el mismo camino y toma formas patológicas porque está estrechamente relacionada con la necesidad de necesitar bienestar relacionado con el uso de sustancias nocivas para el cuerpo y la recurrencia de comportamientos nocivos. Abordará el tema del dopaje en muchos campos deportivos, para escuchar el caso Pantani. Con el epílogo intentaremos proponer una tesis útil en una posible liberación circular de estas necesidades, a través de la implementación de un viaje interno mediante el uso directo de los recursos que la naturaleza nos ofrece de forma espontánea: las endorfinas.


1950 ◽  
Vol 7 (19) ◽  
pp. 9-25 ◽  

Genetic science owes to Biffen a contribution of central importance to its growth. His wheat breeding substantially benefited British agriculture and promoted the application of science to the art of breeding. In the teaching of agricultural botany he combined with expository power a width of knowledge that made him one of the founders of the subject in its modern form. R. H. Biffen was the eldest of the family, of two boys and three girls, of Henry John and Mary Biffen. He was born on 28 May 1874 at Cheltenham where his father was Headmaster of the Christ Church Higher Grade School. His boyhood pleasure was to roam the Cotswold countryside collecting plants, fossils and flint implements or, with equal zest, sketching its grey stone buildings. At Cheltenham Grammar School, which he attended from 1883 to 1893, chemistry was then the only science taught. In its laboratory, well equipped for the times, he was left largely to teach himself but with encouragement, always gratefully remembered, from the enthusiastic Science Master. This kind of schooling must have been well suited to his sturdily independent mind. It enabled him to enter Emmanuel College, Cambridge, at Michaelmas 1893 as an Exhibitioner. A year later he became a Scholar of his College and with a first class in both parts of the Natural Sciences Tripos he graduated in 1896. For his outstanding position in Part II of the Tripos he was at once awarded the Frank Smart Studentship in Botany at Gonville and Caius College which is devoted to the encouragement of botanical research. He became a member of this College during its tenure, as the regulations required. In those unhurried days, with no organized postgraduate preparation for a scientific career nor the trammel of research degrees, this coveted award gave grand opportunity to youthful enterprise and originality. Biffen, luckily, soon got his chance and, characteristically, seized it. Having become interested in rubber-producing plant-latexes he accepted an invitation to join a small expedition to Brazil, Mexico and the West Indies, for the study of sources of rubber. His travel journal, in keeping with his habitual economy of words and material, consisted of a very small pocket diary, now deposited in the Library of the Botany School. He set out intent on investigating coagulation of latex but his travel of several months in 1897-1898 was to awaken a wider interest.


Author(s):  
A. F. Chupilkina

The “social question” and the disclosure of a wide range of the category “social state” are among the most popular in the research of scientists of various sciences. Political scientists, sociologists, economists, philosophers, historians and lawyers present us in the most favorable light the possibilities of the state influence of the past on the well-being of citizens through active and diverse intervention in various spheres of life. However, there is still no unified idea about the genesis of the social state and its features. The purpose of the study is not just to proclaim new stages in the evolution of the idea of a social state, but to establish clear criteria for their definition, which it is proposed to designate as a set (system) of the following features: 1) evolution (change, improvement) of the type of thinking, theoretical approaches; 2) economic and industrial evolution (change or improvement of economic and industrial relations); 3) legislation that affects the viability of the state; 4) the degree of satisfaction with the life of citizens (according to the results of independent sociological surveys). Based on the conducted historical analysis, it is concluded that the origins of the social state have their roots in Ancient Greece during the times of Solon and Pisistratus, who showed practical examples of social reformations.


Author(s):  
Andrzej Kapusta

In the text, I address the subject of neurocognitive science, art and literature in various perspectives, whose connecting point is the perspective of the experiencing subject and her embodiment. The embodied and involved subject reveals through her ailments and suffering dimensions of experience not always visible in the state of health and well-being. The starting point of my deliberations are issues in the field of neurocognitive science and neuroesthetics as the areas that attempt to explain the neurobiological mechanisms of perception of art and literature. Next, I refer to research in the field of neuroanthropology, through which the positive and creative dimensions of the illness experience are noticed. I also refer to psychopathology as an area that shows the dimensions of human experience in a much more fundamental way than it is able to show the experience of everyday life.


Author(s):  
Olga Pasko ◽  
Natalia Staurskaya ◽  
Olga Sergeevna Tokareva ◽  
Pedro Cabral ◽  
Nadezhda Anatolyevna Lebedeva ◽  
...  

In agricultural production, there is a change in the properties of soils and the problem of land degradation is rising. It is especially important for Iraq, whose economic well-being is in oil and agriculture. The objects of authors' study are the territories of Central Iraq; the subject of authors' research is the temporary-territorial variability of vegetation. This chapter analyzes the vegetation dynamics of the five provinces' territory of Central Iraq by determining the values of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from remote sensing data in the period from 2003 to 2017. Regional features are reflected in the variability and change rate of these processes and in the valley plots occupied by vegetation of different state classes, from the total area of the province. The differences in the state classes of vegetation on the territories of Central Iraq are conditioned not by natural, but by other reasons, in particular, by the state of meliorative systems.


2012 ◽  
pp. 96-114
Author(s):  
L. Tsedilin

The article analyzes the pre-revolutionary and the Soviet experience of the protectionist policies. Special attention is paid to the external economic policy during the times of NEP (New Economic Policy), socialist industrialization and the years of 1970-1980s. The results of the state monopoly on foreign trade and currency transactions in the Soviet Union are summarized; the economic integration in the frames of Comecon is assessed.


Author(s):  
Ю. М. Оборотов

В современной методологии юриспруденции происходит переход от изучения состо­яний ее объекта, которыми выступают право и государство, к постижению этого объек­та в его изменениях и превращениях. Две подсистемы методологии юриспруденции, подсистема обращенная к состоянию права и государства; и подсистема обращенная к изменениям права и государства, — получают свое отображение в концептуальной форме, методологических подходах, методах, специфических понятиях. Показательны перемены в содержании методологии юриспруденции, где определяю­щее значение имеют методологические подходы, определяющие стратегию исследова­тельских поисков во взаимосвязи юриспруденции с правом и государством. Среди наи­более характерных подходов антропологический, аксиологический, цивилизационный, синергетический и герменевтический — определяют плюралистичность современной методологии и свидетельствуют о становлении новой парадигмы методологии юриспру­денции.   In modern methodology of jurisprudence there is a transition from the study the states of its object to its comprehension in changes and transformations. Hence the two subsystems of methodology of jurisprudence: subsystem facing the states of the law and the state as well as their components and aspects; and subsystem facing the changes of the law and the state in general and their constituents. These subsystems of methodology of jurisprudence receive its reflection in conceptual form, methodological approaches, methods, specific concepts. Methodology of jurisprudence should not be restricted to the methodology of legal theory. In this regard, it is an important methodological question about subject of jurisprudence. It is proposed to consider the subject of jurisprudence as complex, covering both the law and the state in their specificity, interaction and integrity. Indicative changes in the content methodology of jurisprudence are the usage of decisive importance methodological approaches that govern research strategy searches in conjunction with the law and the state. Among the most characteristic of modern development approaches: anthropological, axiological, civilization, synergistic and hermeneutic. Modern methodology of jurisprudence is pluralistic in nature alleging various approaches to the law and the state. Marked approaches allow the formation of a new paradigm methodology of jurisprudence.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniella De Paula Chiesa ◽  
Mário Antônio Sanches ◽  
Daiane Priscila Simão-Silva

O estudo do Planejamento familiar, no contexto da bioética, abre-se para diversas perspectivas, entre elas a valorização dos seus diferentes atores. Situado neste contexto o artigo tem como objetivo identificar o perfil de gênero na produção científica sobre Planejamento Familiar no Brasil, entre 2000 e 2014, assim como a área de formação e especialização dos autores. Foram utilizadas metodologias que permitiram mapear o estado da arte do tema estudado, a partir de uma revisão da literatura. O resultado da pesquisa identifica que a produção científica sobre Planejamento Familiar no Brasil se compõe de perfil destacadamente feminino (71,76%). Dos 73 artigos analisados, 42 (57,53%) o foco do tema está direcionado à mulher assim como evidencia-se a área de ciências da saúde com maior concentração das publicações do tema.  Este aspecto da pesquisa abre para uma realidade complexa onde se buscam criticamente as razões para a pesquisa em Planejamento Familiar ter ênfase na mulher e ser um tema de relevância nas ciências da saúde.Palavras-chave: Produção científica, Planejamento Familiar, Gênero.  ABSTRACT: The study of Family Planning, in the context of bioethics, opens to diverse perspectives, among them the appreciation of their different agents. Situated in this context the article aims to identify the profile of gender in scientific literature on Family Planning in Brazil, between 2000 and 2014, as well as the area of training and specialization of the authors. Methodologies were used which allowed to map the State of the art of the subject studied, from a review of the literature. The results found identify that the scientific production on Family Planning in Brazil is formed with a outstandingly female profile (71,76%). Of the 73 articles examined, 42 (57.53%) the focus of the topic is directed to women as well as showing the health sciences area with highest concentration of publications. This aspect of the research opens to a complex reality where we seek critically the reasons for Research in Family Planning have emphasis on woman and be a topic of relevance in health sciences.Keywords: Scientific Production, Family Planning, Gender.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Riris Susiani ◽  
Ernawati Ernawati

AbstrakMasalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu pentingnya strategi produk dalam menjalankan sebuah usaha agar mampu bertahan dan bersaing  dengan perusahaan lain yang sejenis dalam kondisi persaingan yang ketat dan perkembangan zaman yang sangat cepat. Strategi produk sangat diperlukan dalam mememenuhi tuntutan konsumen seperti meningkatkan kualitas, menciptakan merek, pelayanan serta jaminan terhadap produk yang ditawarkan agar usaha mampu berkembang. Limpapeh”s Kebaya adalah usaha yang sedang berkembang dan telah mampu memasarkan produk bordirnya hingga menembus pasar ekspor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan strategi produk bordir di Limpapeh”s Kebaya, Kapalo Koto, Koto Tangah Simalanggang, Kota Payakumbuh. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode deskriftif kualitatif, jenis data berupa data primer dan  sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan teknik analisa model interaktif yang berkaitan dengan pokok permasalahan yaitu dengan model reduksi data, penyajian data dan pengambilan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian yaitu strategi produk yang dilakukan di Limpapeh”s Kebaya adalah dimulai dari menciptakan produk bordir yang berkualitas, desain motif bordir yang up to date dan kreatif, menyediakan ukuran yang special, memberi merek pada produk bordir, memberi kemasan yang menarik (paperbag) dan serbaguna, pelayanan yang cepat, tepat dan ramah serta pemberian jaminan terhadap produk border.Kata Kunci: strategi produk, pelayanan, bordir. AbstractThe problem in this study is the importance of product strategy in running a business in order to be able to survive and compete with other similar companies in conditions of intense competition and very rapid development of the times. Product strategy is very necessary in fulfilling consumer demands such as improving quality, creating brands, services and guarantees for products offered so that businesses are able to grow. Limpapeh's Kebaya is a growing business and has been able to market its embroidery products to penetrate the export market. This study aims to describe the strategy of embroidery products in Limpapeh's Kebaya, Kapalo Koto, Koto Tangah Simalanggang, Payakumbuh City. The research method uses qualitative descriptive method, the type of data in the form of primary and secondary data. The technique of collecting data through observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis techniques are carried out with interactive model analysis techniques that are related to the subject matter, namely with a model of data reduction, data presentation and conclusion. The results of the research, namely the product strategy carried out at Limpapeh's Kebaya, are started from creating quality embroidery products, up-to-date and creative embroidery motifs, providing special sizes, giving brands to embroidery products, giving attractive packaging (paperbag) and versatile, fast, precise and friendly service and guarantee of embroidery products. Keywords: product, service, embroidery strategy.


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