Bury St. Edmunds and the Populations of Late Medieval English Towns, 1270-1530

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Gottfried
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
General Model ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Empirical Methods ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Economic Stagnation

One of the most intriguing and important eras of British demographic history is the later middle ages, crudely defined herein to encompass the years 1270 to 1530. This period includes medieval population at its apex, followed by what many observers have called a Malthusian subsistence crisis, an era of famine and plague pandemic, and finally, a slow, almost phased, period of recovery. Much of the groundwork of urban demographic studies was laid in the nineteenth century, by scholars such as William Denton and the Greens. They believed that most aspects of urban life declined in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and that demographic contraction went hand in hand with social and economic ruin. Despite some questioning and modification of these premises, the concept of decline passed into the twentieth century, and was synthesized by M.M. Postan, the leading economic historian of his time. Using empirical methods, Postan built a general model of late medieval economic stagnation and decay. Towns were more or less peripheral to the gist of his argument, which stressed the overwhelming importance of the rural economy, but he did comment on urban life.

Currency Manipulation in the Middle Ages: The Case of Louis de Male, Count of Flanders

1949 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 115-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Van Werveke
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
International Commerce ◽  
The Middle Ages

It is well known that, in contrast to the nineteenth century, the Middle Ages, and especially the later Middle Ages, suffered from great coinage instability. Now that we, in our turn, are confronted with identical difficulties, some historians would explain the currency manipulations of the Middle Ages by motives of the same kind as those that have inspired some devaluations in the twentieth century. They ask themselves if perhaps the princes of that time were not trying, as some modern governments have tried, to influence economic life and in particular to stimulate international commerce by devaluation of the currency.

The Parsi Panchayat in Bombay City in the Nineteenth Century

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Dobbin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Communal Identity ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
New Era ◽  
Western Education ◽  
Bombay City ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Middle Ages

From the Middle Ages each of the great merchant castes and communities of Gujarat possessed its own guild (Mahajan) to regulate trade, and a Panchayat to regulate caste matters. The migration of members of these castes to the British city of Bombay in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries caused considerable disruption in the traditional methods of regulating caste affairs. In the Mofussil control over almost every aspect of mundane life had been exercised by the leading shets of the caste. In Bombay, however, the precedence of certain Mofussil villages and Mofussil families was no longer unequivocally recognized. Western-educated caste members began to demand in all areas of life ‘the inauguration of a new era, showing that opinion had taken the precedence of mere hereditary authority’. Even to those without Western education the proximity of the British law courts gave confidence in an appeal against traditional obedience. The fear of the interference of the courts on behalf of an excommunicated man limited the sanctions available to the caste shets to enforce their authority. All these factors circumscribed the power the caste heads could exercise through their traditional Panchayats, and by the middle of the nineteenth century it seemed that the cohesiveness of many castes and communities was breaking down. But there was another side to the coin. While the bonds of caste discipline and authority were being loosened, awareness of communal identity was being heightened by the competitiveness of urban life. Castes and communities became aware of the need to reorganize themselves in order to present a united front on questions affecting the community, and of the need to put caste funds to the best use to maximize the possibilities of secular achievement for the members of the community.

Urban decline in the later middle ages: the reliability of the non-statistical evidence

Urban History ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 45-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Rigby
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Vested Interest ◽  
Urban Decline ◽  
Late Medieval

E. H. Carr once admitted his envy of medieval historians who have a manageable body of evidence to deal with but found consolation in the belief that their competence was, in a sense, based on ignorance. Students of the English town in the later middle ages may soon be in the ‘enviable’ position of having no reliable sources at all with which to judge progress of urban life. The use of the statistical evidence of lay subsidy returns of 1334 and 1524 and the lists of admissions of freemen to late medieval towns as indicators of the prosperity of England's towns in the later middle ages has been questioned and the meaning of these sources is open to doubt. Yet much of the evidence for urban decline comes from impressionistic sources, sources which were often compiled by townsmen with a vested interest in pleading poverty in order to obtain financial relief. The value of this evidence has also been challenged.

Introduction: The Ottoman Empire and its Frontiers

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. S. PEACOCK
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

Stretching across Europe, Asia and Africa for half a millennium bridging the end of the Middle Ages and the early twentieth century, the Ottoman Empire was one of the major forces that forged the modern world. The chapters in this book focus on four key themes: frontier fortifications, the administration of the frontier, frontier society and relations between rulers and ruled, and the economy of the frontier. Through snapshots of aspects of Ottoman frontier policies in such diverse times and places as fifteenth-century Anatolia, seventeenth-century Hungary, nineteenth-century Iraq or twentieth-century Jordan, the book provides a richer picture than hitherto available of how this complex empire coped with the challenge of administering and defending disparate territories in an age of comparatively primitive communications. By way of introduction, this chapter seeks to provide an overview of these four themes in the history of Ottoman frontiers.

Introduction

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 13-14
Author(s):  
Howard Louthan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
The Past ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Johan Huizinga ◽  
Religious Landscape

For most scholars, the religious landscape of late medieval Central Europe is familiar terrain. Its geography was most famously mapped in the early twentieth century by the Dutch scholar Johan Huizinga. Casting this period as one of decay and decline, Huizinga shaped the historiography of the late Middle Ages for succeeding generations. The church's moral and institutional failings called forth the reforming efforts of first Jan Hus in Bohemia and then a century later Martin Luther in Germany. But as John Van Engen has recently reminded us, “any historical period called ‘late’ is headed for interpretive trouble.” During the past decade in particular, a number of scholars have reexamined this period and region with fresh eyes.

The Devotional Image in Late Medieval England

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Giles ◽  
Aleksandra McClain
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Stained Glass ◽  
Art Gallery ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Parish Church ◽  
Late Medieval England ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
Votive Offerings

In the later Middle Ages, the parish churches of England were populated not simply by parishioners and clergy, but by a community of images: paintings on the walls, depictions in stained glass, and sculptures carved in wood, alabaster, or metal. Lit by beeswax and tallow candles and adorned with gifts of rosaries, textiles, and votive offerings, they held the gaze of worshippers, forming a series of devotional foci within the parish church. In England, most of these images have disappeared, swept away by the reforms and iconoclasm of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They survive as references in contemporary written sources, in decorative schemes exposed during nineteenth-century restoration works, and in museum and art gallery collections. This chapter considers the evidence and assesses the archaeological contribution to current understandings of imagery in medieval religion and belief.

A Tuscan Monastic Lordship in the Later Middle Ages: Camaldoli

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Medieval Italy ◽  
The North ◽  
Old Men

The rural economy of late medieval Italy displays many features and obeys many tendencies common to western Europe at the time. In the age of fully developed communes and nascent despotism it is customary to emphasise that peasant unfreedom and dependent tenure had as good as disappeared, demesne farming and labour services were forgotten, and seigneurial rights diminished or suppressed; where these things have been discovered to persist they are noticed as curious survivals from a different society. Income from land consisted of rents, which on the older estates of church and nobility were commonly fixed rents in money or kind, paid in perpetuity or to an increasing extent for a term of years or at pleasure. New landlords however were displacing the old, men of the urban oligarchies and middle class, who were harsher than their feudal predecessors and pursued an active agriculture by way of grants in mezzadria (sharecropping), protected in their interest by municipal statute. Among ecclesiastical lordships many monasteries succumbed to debt or moral decay, and ecclesiastical property fell victim to a fresh wave of lay encroachment, proceeding from the towns. In Lombardy and the north all classes of society sought their advantage in taking church land at nugatory rents to sublet for high profits or even in time to possess outright. A new cupidity was in the air.

Urban Transformation of Muslim Spanish Cites after 1492: The Case Study of Baza, Granada (Spain); from a “Petrified” City to Its Great Expansions

2020 ◽  
pp. 009614422093107
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Santiago Zaragoza ◽  
Francisco Javier Lafuente-Bolívar ◽  
Francisco Javier Salas-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Historic Site ◽  
Urban Transformations ◽  
The City ◽  
Strong Expansion

Spanish Islamic cities stagnated or declined after 1492. Because of the expulsion of Jews and Moors, despite the repopulation policies, they seemed to “petrify” their size. The uninhabited houses and the suburbs disappeared. The extension and population of the main Muslim cities, Almeria, Seville, Toledo, Valencia, Zaragoza, tended to decrease. Murcia and Granada are two paradigmatic cases of evolution. In the kingdom of Granada, Baza was an important settlement at the end of Middle Ages. Urban transformations adapted it to Castilian policies: mosques were transformed into churches, squares and gates were opened, some streets widened, and so on. However, its size remained “petrified.” In the nineteenth century, there was a strong population growth cushioned by the phenomenon of “cave-house.” From mid-twentieth century, it had a strong expansion and growth regardless urban plans. Currently, the city, declared as Historic Site, has slowed down its growth, although its planning foresees it will keep growing.

Channelling violence at sea: States, international trade and the transformation of naval forces from the high Middle Ages to the age of steam

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Unger
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
High Middle Ages

Certain late medieval changes in government practices, influenced by political developments and technological changes at sea, led to increasing limitations to acts of violence on European oceans and seas. The motivation of states became more overtly economic through the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. From around 1650 the expansion in trade, and most especially long distance trade, led to changes in the role, composition and size of naval forces. By the first decades of the nineteenth century nations directed their navies and violence at sea in general at protecting domestic commerce and disrupting that of any enemy.

scholarly journals From Charcot’s descriptions to the current understanding of neuropsychiatric symptoms in multiple sclerosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 521-524
Author(s):  
Carlos B. TAUIL ◽  
Felipe VON GLEHN ◽  
Raimundo NONATO-RODRIGUES ◽  
Jaqueline R.A.A. GOMES ◽  
Carlos O. BRANDÃO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth

ABSTRACT Neuropsychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis have been known since the original clinicopathological description by Charcot in the late nineteenth century. Charcot, in the last decades of his life, became involved in the field of neuropsychiatry. This produced a battle between rival schools in the era that still echoes to this day. Charcot’s intuition, including the line of thought of Babinski, one of his most famous disciples, was that there was a connection between mood disorders and many of the diseases of the nervous system. Medicine’s concern with establishing a relationship between mood disorders and disease stems from the ancient and middle ages with references found in the Hippocratic doctrine. However, it was only in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, with Charcot’s discoveries, that this discussion was established in a structured way, laying the foundations of neuropsychiatry.

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