scholarly journals Acute Meningoencephalitis in Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Putative Central Nervous System Escape of HIV Replication

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1107-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Wendel ◽  
J. C. McArthur
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (HIV-1) Transcriptional Regulation, Latency and Therapy in the Central Nervous System

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1272
Author(s):  
Joseph Hokello ◽  
Adhikarimayum Lakhikumar Sharma ◽  
Priya Tyagi ◽  
Alok Bhushan ◽  
Mudit Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Combination Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The central nervous system (CNS) is highly compartmentalized and serves as a specific site of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Therefore, an understanding of the cellular populations that are infected by HIV or that harbor latent HIV proviruses is imperative in the attempts to address cure strategies, taking into account that HIV infection and latency in the CNS may differ considerably from those in the periphery. HIV replication in the CNS is reported to persist despite prolonged combination antiretroviral therapy due to the inability of the current antiretroviral drugs to penetrate and cross the blood–brain barrier. Consequently, as a result of sustained HIV replication in the CNS even in the face of combination antiretroviral therapy, there is a high incidence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). This article, therefore, provides a comprehensive review of HIV transcriptional regulation, latency, and therapy in the CNS.

scholarly journals Immune Reсоnstitution Inflammatory Syndrome neuroradiologic features in HIV Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
E. G. Bakulina ◽  
T. N. Trofimova ◽  
A. S. Shelomov ◽  
G. V. Kataeva ◽  
N. A. Belyakov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Diagnostic Algorithm ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Paradoxical Worsening ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome

The introduction of antiretroviral therapy has changed the human immunodeficiency virus pandemic. Some patients with HIV infection after starting or resuming ART develop a paradoxical worsening of clinical status, called Immune Reсоnstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS). However, if clinical and laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of this syndrome have been formulated, IRIS neuroradiological criteria do not exist yet. The present study presents neuroradiological features and diagnostic algorithm for identification of IRIS involving central nervous system.

scholarly journals Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Detected in the Central Nervous System (CNS) After Years of Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy Can Originate from a Replicating CNS Reservoir or Clonally Expanded Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1345-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah B Joseph ◽  
Laura P Kincer ◽  
Natalie M Bowman ◽  
Chris Evans ◽  
Michael J Vinikoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Csf Escape

Abstract Background Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) populations are detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of some people on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Detailed analysis of these populations may reveal whether they are produced by central nervous system (CNS) reservoirs. Methods We performed a study of 101 asymptomatic participants on stable ART. HIV-1 RNA concentrations were cross-sectionally measured in CSF and plasma. In participants with CSF HIV-1 RNA concentrations sufficient for analysis, viral populations were genetically and phenotypically characterized over multiple time points. Results For 6% of participants (6 of 101), the concentration of HIV-1 RNA in their CSF was ≥0.5 log copies/mL above that of plasma (ie, CSF escape). We generated viral envelope sequences from CSF of 3 participants. One had a persistent CSF escape population that was macrophage-tropic, partially drug resistant, genetically diverse, and closely related to a minor macrophage-tropic lineage present in the blood prior to viral suppression and enriched for after ART. Two participants (1 suppressed and 1 not) had transient CSF escape populations that were R5 T cell-tropic with little genetic diversity. Conclusions Extensive analysis of viral populations in 1 participant revealed that CSF escape was from a persistently replicating population, likely in macrophages/microglia, present in the CNS over 3 years of ART. CSF escape in 2 other participants was likely produced by trafficking and transient expansion of infected T cells in the CNS. Our results show that CNS reservoirs can persist during ART and that CSF escape is not exclusively produced by replicating CNS reservoirs.

Localization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Core Antigen in Term Human Placentas

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-209
Author(s):  
Carl F. T. Mattern ◽  
Karen Murray ◽  
Allison Jensen ◽  
Homayoon Farzadegan ◽  
Jenny Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Core Antigen ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Maternal Hiv ◽  
Maternal Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Seropositive

Evidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication was sought in human placentas obtained at term from pregnancies complicated by maternal HIV infection. Placentas were obtained from the pregnancies of 19 HIV-seropositive women, 4 women who were seronegative, and 4 untested women with no risk factors for HIV infection. These placentas were each examined by immunoperoxidase immunocytochemistry using monoclonal anti-p24/55 antibodies. In addition, minced placental tissue from 11 of the seropositive pregnancies and the 3 seronegative pregnancies were co-cultivated with stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The clinical status of the infants born to the HIV-seropositive women was assessed when the infants were 8 to 28 months of age. P24/55 antigen was detected in 5 of the 19 placentas of the HIV-seropositive pregnancies and in none of the 8 placentas of seronegative or low-risk pregnancies. This HIV core viral antigen was located exclusively in the cytoplasm of villous cells with morphological characteristics of macrophages. The HIV antigen-containing cells were very sparsely distributed. Staining of the trophoblast was not observed in any placental specimen. Human immunodeficiency virus was isolated in culture from 3 of the 11 placentas from seropositive pregnancies. Clinical follow-up has not revealed a relationship between infection of the infant and either p24/55 antigen identification or isolation of virus from the placenta. Virological and histological evidence of HIV replication is found in approximately one fourth of placentas obtained at term from pregnancies complicated by maternal HIV infection. Replicating virus appears localized to sparse macrophages located within the chorionic villi, but specifically not within the trophoblastic layer. It is unlikely that identification of HIV in the placenta either by culture or by immunocytochemistry will predict infection of infants born to seropositive women.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

2011 ◽  
pp. 663-669
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Introduction, nutritional goals, and assessment 664 Unintentional weight and lean tissue loss 666 Cardiovascular risk and complications associated with HIV disease and treatment 667 Additional dietary issues 668 Untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to progressive suppression of immune function, eventually rendering the body susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumours. While there is no cure, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is highly effective in suppressing HIV replication. HIV disease is now a chronic condition and causes of death in this population have shifted from traditional AIDS-related illnesses to non-AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) events, the most common being atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, liver disease, end-stage renal disease and non-AIDS–defining malignancies. There are a diverse range of nutritional conditions associated with HIV, reflecting the complexity of the disease and pharmacological management....

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