scholarly journals Fat Distribution in Relation to Drug Use, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Status, and the Use of Antiretroviral Therapies in Hispanic Patients with HIV Infection

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (s2) ◽  
pp. S62-S68 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Forrester ◽  
S. L. Gorbach
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapies ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hispanic Patients

Reducing the Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Associated With Illicit Drug Use

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 945-947
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Relative Safety ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Injection and other illicit drug use plays a major role in the transmission of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including cases among infants, children, and adolescents.1,2 Transmission to adolescents and adults occurs either directly from contaminated drug paraphernalia, including needles and syringes, or through sexual contact with an infected partner. Transmission to infants occurs transplacentally or perinatally from mothers who are most often either drug users themselves, or who have become infected from sexual partners who are injection drug users. It is therefore clear that a reduction in the transmission of HIV infection secondary to illicit drug use and the use of contaminated injection equipment is a pediatric concern and should be part of any prevention program. The adverse consequences of illicit drug use are multiple and certainly not limited to the potential acquisition and transmission of HIV infection. Ideally, treatment and prevention programs should seek to reduce drug use itself, not solely HIV infection. However, many users of injection drugs do not enter drug treatment, remain in treatment, or maintain complete abstinence while in treatment. Therefore, promoting safer injection practices can provide an important public health benefit in lowering the risk of HIV transmission, while simultaneous efforts continue to reduce and eliminate drug use. Initiatives with the singular objective of increasing access to sterile equipment are understandably controversial, as they do not directly address the causes and broader consequences of illicit drug use. In addition, there are continuing concerns that any program increasing access to sterile needles and syringes might actually increase injection drug use by creating the impression of relative safety and tacit community approval for such behavior.

Psychological stress and depression in older patients with intravenous drug use and human immunodeficiency virus infection: implications for intervention

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Singh ◽  
Cheryl Squier ◽  
Carla Sivek ◽  
Marilyn M Wagener ◽  
Victor L Yu
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Independent Predictor ◽  
Intravenous Drug ◽  
Intravenous Drug Use ◽  
Younger Patients ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

We aim to assess the age-related differences in psychological stress and depression in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Prospective, longitudinal, observational study of patients with HIV followed at a university affiliated VA Medical Center. Fifty-six consecutive patients with HIV infection aged 19-68 were studied. Data on demographics, living arrangements, education, employment, income, social, religious, and community support, medical status, psychological stress, depression, and coping was assessed at baseline and every 6 months. Instruments for psychological testing included Beck Depression Inventory, Profile Mood Status (POMS) scale and ways of coping scale (inventory of coping with illness scale). Sixty-nine per cent (38/56) of the patients were older than 35 years of age. Older patients exhibited significantly greater emotional and psychological stress; the mean POMS score for older patients was 56.8 as compared to 21.5 for younger patients (P=0.004). Older patients had significantly greater depression (P=0.001), higher tension and anxiety (P=0.005), greater anger and hostility (P=0.03), greater confusion and bewilderment (P=0.01), and more fatigue (P=0.003) as compared with younger patients. Older patients were significantly more likely to have intravenous drug use as an HIV risk factor (P=0.02), less likely to be employed (P=0.005), and more likely to use non-traditional therapies (P=0). Intravenous drug use was an independent predictor of psychological stress in older patients. Patients with HIV, older than 35 years of age, are significantly more likely to suffer from depression and psychological stress; intravenous drug use was an independent predictor of stress. Interventions for the treatment of depression should be especially sought in this subgroup of patients with HIV.

scholarly journals Lack of Awareness of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Problems and Solutions With Self-reported HIV Serostatus of Men Who Have Sex With Men

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis H. Sanchez ◽  
Colleen F. Kelley ◽  
Eli Rosenberg ◽  
Nicole Luisi ◽  
Brandon O'Hara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Black Msm ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Surveillance Report ◽  
Sex With Men

Background.  Lack of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection awareness may be a driver of racial disparities in HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM). Lack of awareness is typically measured by comparing HIV test result to self-reported HIV status. This measure may be subject to reporting bias and alternatives are needed. Methods.  The InvolveMENt study examined HIV disparities between black and white MSM from Atlanta. Among HIV-positive participants who did not report knowing they were positive, we examined other measures of awareness: HIV viral load (VL) <1000 copies/mL (low VL), antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in blood, and previous HIV case surveillance report. Results.  Using self-report only, 32% (62 of 192) of black and 16% (7 of 45) of white MSM were not aware of their HIV infection (P = .03). Using self-report and low VL, 25% (48 of 192) black and 16% (7 of 45) white MSM lacked awareness (P = .18). Using self-report and ARVs, 26% (50 of 192) black and 16% (7 of 45) white MSM lacked awareness (P = .14). Using self-report and surveillance report, 15% (28 of 192) black and 13% (6 of 45) white MSM lacked awareness (P = .83). Conclusions.  Self-report only may overestimate true lack of awareness of HIV status for black MSM. If, as our data suggest, black MSM are not less likely to be aware of their HIV infection than are white MSM, then this factor is not a substantial driver of HIV disparity. Future HIV research that depends on accurate measurement of HIV status awareness should consider including additional laboratory and case surveillance data.

scholarly journals A 28-Day Toxicity Study of Tenofovir Alafenamide Hemifumarate by Subcutaneous Infusion in Rats and Dogs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Zane ◽  
Shane Roller ◽  
Josephine Shelton ◽  
Roshni Singh ◽  
Rachna Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Subcutaneous Infusion ◽  
Helpful Tool ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapies ◽  
Preexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Tenofovir Alafenamide ◽  
Living With Hiv

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continues to be a serious global human health issue, with ∼38 million people living with HIV worldwide at the end of 2019. HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has introduced the use of antiretroviral therapies as another helpful tool for slowing the spread of HIV worldwide.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Haemophiliacs Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

1993 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Jacob ◽  
G.R. Sutherland ◽  
N.A. Boon ◽  
C.A. Ludlam
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Cardiac Abnormalities ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can result in several cardiac abnormalities including dilated cardiomyopathy. These phenomena have been described in people contracting the virus through sexual intercourse, injection drug use and by vertical transmission. We have identified recently two Scottish haemophiliacs who have developed dilated cardiomyopathy in the context of HIV infection acquired through treatment with contaminated factor VIII. The significance of this finding is discussed.

scholarly journals Knowledge of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status and Seropositivity After a Recently Negative Test in Malawi

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishani Pathmanathan ◽  
Philip Lederer ◽  
Ray W. Shiraishi ◽  
Nellie Wadonda-Kabondo ◽  
Anand Date ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
Accurate Knowledge ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Recent Hiv Infection

Abstract Background Awareness of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status among all people with HIV is critical for epidemic control. We aimed to assess accurate knowledge of HIV status, defined as concordance with serosurvey test results from the 2010 Malawi Demographic Health Survey (MDHS), and to identify risk factors for seropositivity among adults (aged 15–49) reporting a most recently negative test within 12 months. Methods Data were analyzed from the 2010 MDHS. A logistic regression model was constructed to determine factors independently associated with HIV seropositivity after a recently negative test. All analyses controlled for the survey’s complex design. Results A total of 11 649 adults tested for HIV during this MDHS reported ever being sexually active. Among these, HIV seroprevalence was 12.0%, but only 61.7% had accurate knowledge of their status. Forty percent (40.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 36.8–43.8) of seropositive respondents reported a most recently negative test. Of those reporting that this negative test was within 12 months (n = 3630), seroprevalence was 7.2% for women (95% CI, 5.7–9.2), 5.2% for men (95% CI, 3.9–6.9), higher in the South, and higher in rural areas for men. Women with higher education and men in the richest quintile were at higher risk. More than 1 lifetime union was significantly associated with recent HIV infection, whereas never being married was significantly protective. Conclusions Self-reported HIV status based on prior test results can underestimate seroprevalence. These results highlight the need for posttest risk assessment and support for people who test negative for HIV and repeat testing in people at high risk for HIV infection.

The Introduction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Into the North Carolina Pediatric Population

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-177
Author(s):  
Cameron Grant ◽  
Ross E. McKinney ◽  
Chris Weedy ◽  
Samuel L. Katz ◽  
Catherine M. Wilfert
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sexual Partner ◽  
Cocaine Abuse ◽  
Perinatal Transmission ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Iv Drug Use

The authors reviewed the means by which human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity was acquired for the 134 seropositive children seen at Duke University Medical Center prior to September 1990. Perinatal transmission occurred in 111 (83%) and blood product transmission in 15 (11%). Of the 108 mothers (there were three sets of siblings) responsible for perinatal transmission, 44 (41%) had acquired their infection while residing in North Carolina. Intravenous (IV) drug use by the mother or her sexual partner was the significant risk factor for maternal infection in 91 (84%) of the total cases and in 38 (86%) of the 44 women infected in North Carolina. The proportion of women who acquired their HIV infection from a sexual partner who was an IV drug user was significantly greater for mothers who were resident in North Carolina when infected compared with mothers infected elsewhere (P < .001). On the basis of admissions to drug treatment programs during the 1990 fiscal year, cocaine is the predominant IV drug used in North Carolina. Admissions to cocaine abuse programs occurred throughout the state, and mothers who acquired HIV infection from IV drug use were more likely to live in counties with a higher frequency of cocaine abuse treatment.

scholarly journals Strong Impact of Smoking on Multimorbidity and Cardiovascular Risk Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals in Comparison With the General Population

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Hasse ◽  
Philip E. Tarr ◽  
Pedro Marques-Vidal ◽  
Gerard Waeber ◽  
Martin Preisig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
General Population ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Negative

Abstract Background.  Although acquired immune deficiency syndrome-associated morbidity has diminished due to excellent viral control, multimorbidity may be increasing among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons compared with the general population. Methods.  We assessed the prevalence of comorbidities and multimorbidity in participants of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) compared with the population-based CoLaus study and the primary care-based FIRE (Family Medicine ICPC-Research using Electronic Medical Records) records. The incidence of the respective endpoints were assessed among SHCS and CoLaus participants. Poisson regression models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking. Results.  Overall, 74 291 participants contributed data to prevalence analyses (3230 HIV-infected; 71 061 controls). In CoLaus, FIRE, and SHCS, multimorbidity was present among 26%, 13%, and 27% of participants. Compared with nonsmoking individuals from CoLaus, the incidence of cardiovascular disease was elevated among smoking individuals but independent of HIV status (HIV-negative smoking: incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2–2.5; HIV-positive smoking: IRR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1–2.6; HIV-positive nonsmoking: IRR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.44–1.4). Compared with nonsmoking HIV-negative persons, multivariable Poisson regression ide.jpegied associations of HIV infection with hypertension (nonsmoking: IRR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.5–2.4; smoking: IRR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.6–2.4), kidney (nonsmoking: IRR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.9–3.8; smoking: IRR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.9–3.6), and liver disease (nonsmoking: IRR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.4–2.4; smoking: IRR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.4–2.2). No evidence was found for an association of HIV-infection or smoking with diabetes mellitus. Conclusions.  Multimorbidity is more prevalent and incident in HIV-positive compared with HIV-negative individuals. Smoking, but not HIV status, has a strong impact on cardiovascular risk and multimorbidity.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Children

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverly Ryan ◽  
Edward Connor ◽  
Anthony Minnefor ◽  
Frank Desposito ◽  
James Oleske
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus
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