Evolution of the Inbred Flower Form in the Currant Tomato, Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium

2002 ◽  
Vol 163 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Georgiady ◽  
Elizabeth M. Lord
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Pimpinellifolium ◽  
Flower Form

scholarly journals Elucidation of molecular mechanisms of flower form development in tree peony ( Paeonia suffriticosa ) through comparative transcriptome analysis of floral parts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiuxing Lu ◽  
Yun Zheng ◽  
Haoning Wang ◽  
Zheng Wang ◽  
Yonghua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
High Expression ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Mads Box Genes ◽  
Tree Peony ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Key Genes ◽  
Flower Form

Abstract Background: Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticasa) is an economically, medicinally ornamentally important woody flowering woody plants in East Asia and is a common also ornamental shrub in Europe and North America. It is well known and prized for their beautiful flowers in many different forms. Samen petalody has been shown to be the most effective way to modify flower forms. However, there is limited information on the molecular mechanisms of stamen petalody and flower form formation in tree peony.Results: In this study, RNA sequencing was used to assemble and annotate the unigenes in the tree peony to identify the critical genes related to flower parts formation and verify the key genes in different flower forms of tree peony cultivar. A total of 76,007 high quality unigenes were assembled and 30,505 were successfully annotated. A total of 1,833 TFs were identified in our study, among them 16 MADS-box genes were found and characterized. Six key genes were selected to verity their functions in stamen petalody. AG and SEP showed high expression level in carpals and sepals separately both in stamen petalody group and non-stamen petalody groups. PI and AP3 showed high expression levels in inter-petals in stamen petalody groups than in staments in non-stamen petalody.Conclusion: Sixteen MADS-box genes were identified for the first time in tree peony through RNA-seq method. We identified six key genes based on their differential expression levels in different flower parts. These six key genes represented all categories in the ABCDE model to verify the functions in stamen petalody. PI and AP3 were verified to likely play important roles in regulating stamen petalody in tree peony. Our study has helped establish the flower development model in tree peony, identified key molecular mechanisms in the development of different flower forms, and provided valuable information in improving genetic diversity of tree peony and many other woody plants.

scholarly journals Pollination Ecology and Breeding System of Delphinium Occidentale

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 87-90
Author(s):  
Ron Scogin
Keyword(s):  
Flower Color ◽  
Pollination Ecology ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Balanced Polymorphism ◽  
Flower Color Polymorphism ◽  
Tall Larkspur ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Flower Form ◽  
Delphinium Occidentale

Delphinium occidentale Nutt. (Ranunculaceae), the tall larkspur, occurs sporatically as isolated local populations in moist locations at lower and middle elevations of Grand Teton National Park. Individual plants of this species exhibit flowers which occur as one of three distinct color morphs and which occur mixed in the local populations. The three floral morphs are 1) plants exhibiting the most familiar, uniformly dark purple pigmented flower form, 2) plants exhibiting an all white, nonpigmented, albino form, and 3) plants whose flowers are intermediate in form between the extremes of 1) and 2), a semi-albino form which exhibits normally pigmented petals, but white, nonpigmented sepals. The occurrence of mixed, polymorphic populations of D. occidentale floral morphs can be rationalized by two alternative hypotheses: 1. A stable, balanced polymorphism exists among the three morphs. This polymorphism is actively maintained by selective pressures, probably on some aspect of the reproductive biology (perhaps pollination ecology) of the floral morphs, or 2. The distribution of polymorphs is merely a founder effect, reflecting the distribution of morphs present in the seed collection which initially established the colonizing population. The research undertaken during 1993 represents an effort to discriminate between these alternative explanations of flower color polymorphism in D. occidentale.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Resistance to Two-spotted Spider Mite and Glandular Leaf Trichomes in Wild Tomato Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill.

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Fernández-Muñoz ◽  
María Salinas ◽  
Marta Álvarez ◽  
Jesús Cuartero
Keyword(s):  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Lycopersicon Pimpinellifolium ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Mite Reproduction ◽  
Interplot Interference ◽  
Inheritance Mode ◽  
Two Spotted Spider Mite ◽  
Susceptible Tomato ◽  
Plant Capacity

Genetics of resistance to Tetranychus urticae Koch and of glandular trichomes of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium accession TO-937 in a cross between susceptible L. esculentum Mill. `Moneymaker' and resistant TO-937 was studied in a greenhouse experiment. Parents, F1, F2, and two BC1 generations, interspersed with susceptible tomato plants to avoid negative interplot interference, were artificially infested. Mite susceptibility was evaluated by a rating based on plant capacity to support mite reproduction. TO-937, BC1 to TO-937, and F1 were resistant, `Moneymaker' susceptible, and the F2 and the BC1 to `Moneymaker' segregated. Resistance was controlled by a single dominant major locus, but modulated by unknown minor loci. TO-937 presented type IV glandular trichomes, their presence governed by two dominant unlinked loci. Type IV trichome density correlated to resistance; however, a causal relationship between type IV trichomes and mite resistance could not be definitively established. The relatively simple inheritance mode will favor successful introgression of resistance into commercial tomatoes from the close relative L. pimpinellifolium.

Local climate and latitude affect flower form of Ophrys fuciflora (Orchidaceae): evidence for clinal variation

2019 ◽  
Vol 166 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-512
Author(s):  
Igor Paušič ◽  
Matej Lipovšek ◽  
Dietmar Jakely ◽  
Nika Pavlec ◽  
Danijel Ivajnšič ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinal Variation ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Flower Form

scholarly journals The evolution and functional significance of leaf shape in the angiosperms

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne B. Nicotra ◽  
Andrea Leigh ◽  
C. Kevin Boyce ◽  
Cynthia S. Jones ◽  
Karl J. Niklas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Significance ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Developmental Sequences ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
Biomechanical Constraints ◽  
Flower Form ◽  
Hot Environments

Angiosperm leaves manifest a remarkable diversity of shapes that range from developmental sequences within a shoot and within crown response to microenvironment to variation among species within and between communities and among orders or families. It is generally assumed that because photosynthetic leaves are critical to plant growth and survival, variation in their shape reflects natural selection operating on function. Several non-mutually exclusive theories have been proposed to explain leaf shape diversity. These include: thermoregulation of leaves especially in arid and hot environments, hydraulic constraints, patterns of leaf expansion in deciduous species, biomechanical constraints, adaptations to avoid herbivory, adaptations to optimise light interception and even that leaf shape variation is a response to selection on flower form. However, the relative importance, or likelihood, of each of these factors is unclear. Here we review the evolutionary context of leaf shape diversification, discuss the proximal mechanisms that generate the diversity in extant systems, and consider the evidence for each the above hypotheses in the context of the functional significance of leaf shape. The synthesis of these broad ranging areas helps to identify points of conceptual convergence for ongoing discussion and integrated directions for future research.

scholarly journals On ‘various contrivances’: pollination, phylogeny and flower form in the Solanaceae

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1539) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Knapp
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Flower Morphology ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Flower Symmetry ◽  
The Family ◽  
Flower Form ◽  
Floral Characters

Members of the euasterid angiosperm family Solanaceae have been characterized as remarkably diverse in terms of flower morphology and pollinator type. In order to test the relative contribution of phylogeny to the pattern of distribution of floral characters related to pollination, flower form and pollinators have been mapped onto a molecular phylogeny of the family. Bilateral flower symmetry (zygomorphy) is prevalent in the basal grades of the family, and more derived clades have flowers that are largely radially symmetric, with some parallel evolution of floral bilateralism. Pollinator types (‘syndromes’) are extremely homoplastic in the family, but members of subfamily Solanoideae are exceptional in being largely bee pollinated. Pollinator relationships in those genera where they have been investigated more fully are not as specific as flower morphology and the classical pollinator syndrome models might suggest, and more detailed studies in some particularly variable genera, such as Iochroma and Nicotiana , are key to understanding the role of pollinators in floral evolution and adaptive radiation in the family. More studies of pollinators in the field are a priority.

Mating patterns in self-compatible distylous populations of Amsinckia (Boraginaceae)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 773-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred R. Ganders
Keyword(s):  
Random Mating ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Structure Population ◽  
Disassortative Mating ◽  
Progeny Tests ◽  
Flower Form ◽  
Two Populations

Progeny tests of naturally pollinated pin- and thrum-form plants of two species of Amsinckia were conducted to determine whether net selfing, random mating, or net disassortative mating occurred in natural populations. The locus determining flower form was used as a marker gene. Amsinckia spectabilis experienced close to random mating in a dense population, but in a small, diffuse population a high rate of selfing was indicated. Pin plants of Amsinckia vernicosa var. furcata experienced 44.3% net disassortative mating, and thrum plants in this species experienced complete (100%) disassortative mating.Compared with A. spectabilis, stigmas and anthers are about twice as far apart in A. vernicosa var. furcata; yet the pollinators are essentially similar, suggesting that greater separation of stigmas and anthers greatly improves the efficiency of distyly at promoting disassortative pollination. The two populations of A. spectabilis studied indicate that autogamy and (or) geitonogamy is much higher in diffuse populations. The results support previous studies that disassortative pollination is greater in thrum-form flowers than in pin flowers. Distyly without self-incompatibility can be an effective outbreeding system but is much more sensitive to variations in floral structure, population density, and pollinator behavior than are self-incompatible breeding systems.

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