The Effect of Stem Girdling on Levels of GA-Like Substances in Sunflower Plants

1978 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniela Kamienska ◽  
David M. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Stem Girdling

scholarly journals Planting Depth Affects Root Form of Three Shade Tree Cultivars in Containers

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-139
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Chris Harchick ◽  
Maria Paz
Keyword(s):  
Root Morphology ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Shade Tree ◽  
Container Wall ◽  
Stem Girdling

Study was designed to evaluate impact of planting depth on root morphology inside nursery containers. Trees were planted shallow (13 mm) or deep (64 mm) into #3 Air-Pot™ containers, then shallow (0 mm) or deep (64 mm) into #15 containers prior to shifting them to their final #45 container size at the same depth. Trunk diameter (caliper) was significantly larger for both magnolia and maple planted shallow (13 mm) into #3, and then shallow into #15 containers when compared to planting deeper. However, differences were small and may not be relevant to a grower. No caliper or height differences among planting depths were found for elm. Presence of stem girdling roots in elm and magnolia growing in #45 containers increased with planting depth into # 3 containers. Downward re-orientation of main roots comprising the flare by #3 container wall, likely contributed to amount of roots growing over root flare. Maple root systems were not impacted by planting depth into #3 primarily due to adventitious root emergence from the buried portion of stem. Distance between substrate surface and top of root flare in finished #45 containers was not impacted by planting depth into #3 containers for any species. Planting elm and maple deeply into #15 led to more trunk-girdling by roots, a deeper root flare, and more roots growing over flare compared to planting shallow. Most root defects in all species were hidden from view because they were found below substrate surface. Presence of a visible root flare was not related to occurrence of root defects. Root balls on elm and maple were packed with roots which made it time consuming to remove substrate and roots above the root flare. Planting depth appears most crucial when shifting into #15 containers.

Oriental Bittersweet: A Growing Threat to Hardwood Silviculture in the Appalachians

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 174-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Henry McNab ◽  
Marilynn Meeker
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Increasing Risk ◽  
Stem Girdling ◽  
Oriental Bittersweet

Abstract Oriental bittersweet, an introduced, deciduous shrubby vine, has the potential to become a serious pest on many hardwood regeneration sites in the Appalachians. Like wild grapevines, oriental bittersweet damages young hardwood stands by stem girdling, increasing risk of ice damage, and eventually causing death by shading the crown foliage. This vine is unusual in that its seedlings are extremely shade tolerant and on good-quality sites will respond to release with rapid growth. North. J. Appl. For. 4:174-177, Dec. 1987.

Respiration and C dynamics in Poplar roots

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boaz Hilman ◽  
Jan Muhr ◽  
Juliane Helm ◽  
Iris Kuhlmann ◽  
Susan Trumbore
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
June July ◽  
Stem Girdling

<p>Large amounts of C are allocated to tree roots, but little is known about the age and dynamics of their non-structural C (NSC). We measured bomb-radiocarbon (<sup>14</sup>C) in respired CO<sub>2</sub>, non-structural (mainly sugars), and structural (cellulose) C in roots. The steady decline of Δ<sup>14</sup>C in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> since the 1960s indicates the mean time elapsed since the C in these pools was fixed. We measured coarse (>2 mm, mean 2.91 mm) and fine (<2 mm) roots from 12 German poplar trees sampled before and after girdling of 6 of the trees. All samples were taken in 2018, an exceptionally dry summer in Europe. The mean Δ<sup>14</sup>C ±SD of root-respired CO<sub>2</sub> (4.1 ± 3.6 ‰) in June-July was equal to current atmospheric Δ<sup>14</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> (1.2 ‰), irrespective of the mean age of root cellulose. During extended incubations, the Δ<sup>14</sup>C of root-respired CO<sub>2</sub> increased to ~10 ‰ 8 days after harvesting and up to 42 ‰ 17 days after harvesting. The mean Δ<sup>14</sup>C of soluble sugars in the roots was ~21 ‰. In September-October, almost three months after girdling, roots from girdled trees respired CO<sub>2</sub> with Δ<sup>14</sup>C of 7.9 ± 6.6 ‰ vs. 2.3 ± 6.1 ‰ in the ungirdled control trees. However, in both groups the respired CO<sub>2­</sub>-Δ<sup>14</sup>C correlated with cellulose-Δ<sup>14</sup>C (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.37, 0.26 for girdled and control trees, respectively), suggesting that roots respired more stored C in the later growing season in this drought year, independent of treatment. The Δ<sup>14</sup>C values of soluble sugars were correlated with the Δ<sup>14</sup>C values of the cellulose (R<sup>2</sup>=0.83). On average, C in sugars was fixed more recently than cellulose, suggesting mixing of young C from other parts of the tree into the roots. Stem girdling did not affect the Δ<sup>14</sup>C of soluble sugars. Average total sugar concentrations (sucrose+ glucose+ fructose) were ~42 mg g<sup>-1 </sup>and did not vary with sampling date, root class or treatment. Starch, measured only in September-October, was higher in coarse than in fine roots (12 vs. 3.8 mg g<sup>-1</sup>). Respiratory loss of C was higher in the fine roots (~4 mgC g<sup>-1</sup> day<sup>-1</sup>) than coarse roots (~2.4 mgC g<sup>-1</sup> day<sup>-1</sup>), with no effect of girdling or sampling month. When normalize (expressed per gram dry root material), the NSC reservoirs and C loss rates suggest C turnover rates are 2-fold higher in fine roots than in coarse roots. The extended incubations indicate that detached roots are able to quickly utilize stored NSC, as indicated by the sharp Δ<sup>14</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> increase. In comparison, stem girdling had no measurable effect on respired CO<sub>2</sub>-Δ<sup>14</sup>C, suggesting internal re-allocation of C from the lower stem base or large roots to smaller roots, and/or lower than expected metabolic consumption of C in reaction to girdling or because of the exceptional drought.</p>

Stem Girdling by the Three-Cornered Alfalfa Hopper and Height of Soybean Plants123

1970 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 647-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Bailey ◽  
L. B. Dayis ◽  
M. L. Laster
Keyword(s):  
Stem Girdling
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