Direct Access to Plant Epicuticular Wax Crystals by a New Mechanical Isolation Method

2000 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Ensikat ◽  
C. Neinhuis ◽  
W. Barthlott
Keyword(s):  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Isolation Method ◽  
Epicuticular Wax Crystals ◽  
Mechanical Isolation ◽  
Wax Crystals

scholarly journals Developmental pattern of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) berry cuticular wax: Differentiation between epicuticular crystals and underlying wax

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246693
Author(s):  
Katja Arand ◽  
Evi Bieler ◽  
Markus Dürrenberger ◽  
Hanns-Heinz Kassemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Developmental Pattern ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Pentacyclic Triterpenoids ◽  
Epicuticular Wax Crystals ◽  
Wax Crystals ◽  
Fruit Surface

The grapevine berry surface is covered by a cuticle consisting of cutin and various lipophilic wax compounds. The latter build the main barrier for transpirational water loss and protect the fruit against environmental factors e.g. pests, mechanical impacts or radiation. The integrety of the fruit surface is one important key factor for post-harvest quality and storage of fruits. Nonetheless, the developmental pattern of cuticular wax was so far only investigated for a very limited number of fruits. Therefore, we performed comparative investigations on the compositional and morphological nature of epicuticular wax crystals and underlying wax during fruit development in Vitis vinifera. The main compound oleanolic acid belongs to the pentacyclic triterpenoids, which occur very early in the development in high amounts inside the cuticle. The amount increases until veraison and decreases further during ripening. In general, very-long chain aliphatic (VLCA) compounds are present in much smaller amounts and alcohols and aldehydes follow the same trend during development. In contrast, the amount of fatty acids constantly increases from fruit set to ripening while wax esters only occur in significant amount at veraison and increase further. Wax crystals at the fruit surface are solely composed of VLCAs and the morphology changes during development according to the compositional changes of the VLCA wax compounds. The remarkable compositional differences between epicuticular wax crystals and the underlying wax are important to understand in terms of studying grape-pest interactions or the influence of environmental factors, since only wax crystals directly face the environment.

scholarly journals Sequences of epicuticular wax structures along stems in four selected tree species

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Dominik Tomaszewski ◽  
Jerzy Zieliński
Keyword(s):  
Woody Species ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Layer Formation ◽  
Stem Apex ◽  
Gingko Biloba ◽  
Cuticle Formation ◽  
Epicuticular Wax Crystals ◽  
Rapid Production ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Wax Crystals

Abstract Wax layer formation accompanies the processes of epidermis and cuticle formation. To examine these changes, observationsalong current-year long shoots of four woody species (Acer negundo, A. rufinerve, Gymnocladus dioica, and Gingko biloba) were made. Long shoots are suitable objects for such observations, because from the same stem, several samples can be obtained that represent a well-defined sequence of fragments of different ages. The data that were obtained from different and sometimes distant stem regions suggest that epicuticular wax crystals appear on the stems very early and quickly, since they are found near the stem apex during intensive plant growth. This was confirmed for the four examined species. Some differences, however, were noted. Very rapid production of prominent wax crystals was observed in stems. In an experiment involving mechanical wax removal from the A. negundo stem surface and subsequent analysis of the surface after several days via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was shown that wax regenerates very quickly. After only several hours, new emerging crystals were observed and their morphologies were essentially the same. Nearly full regeneration was observed several days after removal.

Effect of epicuticular wax crystals on the localization of artificially deposited sub-micron carbon-based aerosols on needles of Cryptomeria japonica

2016 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 873-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Nakaba ◽  
Kenichi Yamane ◽  
Mie Fukahori ◽  
Widyanto Dwi Nugroho ◽  
Masahiro Yamaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptomeria Japonica ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Epicuticular Wax Crystals ◽  
Wax Crystals ◽  
Carbon Based
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