The Trend in the Male-Female Wage Gap in the United States

Forty-two percent of immigrant workers in the United States are women, yet almost all of the evidence on the economic performance of immigrants is based on analyses of men. This study begins to fill the void by examining differences in a wide array of labor market outcomes between U.S.-born and immigrant women, and among immigrant women born in different countries or regions of the world, using the 1970, 1980 and 1990 censuses. Immigrant women were less likely to participate in the labor force, and this gap increased to 7 percentage points by 1990. However, the share of self-employed and the number of weeks and hours worked among employed women were roughly the same for immigrants and natives throughout the 1970–1990 period. The gap in unemployment and weekly wages widened in favor of natives between 1970 and 1990, with a gap in median wages of 14 percent in 1990. However, immigrants born in the United Kingdom and Canada, Europe, Japan, Korea, China, the Philippines, and the Middle East have had steady or improved wages and unemployment relative to U.S.-born women. At the same time, immigrants from Mexico and Central America, who now represent one-quarter of all immigrant women, have experienced relatively high unemployment and low earnings, and these differences have increased, with the wage gap reaching 35 percent in 1990. Disparities in completed years of schooling can explain a substantial share of the differences in labor market outcomes.

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Spatial Analysis of the Gender Wage Gap in Architecture, Civil Engineering, and Construction Occupations in the United States

Journal of Management in Engineering ◽

10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000780 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 04020023 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Saba Nikkhah Manesh ◽

Jin Ouk Choi ◽

Binit Kumar Shrestha ◽

Jaewon Lim ◽

Pramen P. Shrestha

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Spatial Analysis ◽

Civil Engineering ◽

Gender Wage Gap ◽

Wage Gap ◽

The United States

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Pay Secrecy and the Gender Wage Gap in the United States

Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and Society ◽

10.1111/irel.12109 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 648-667 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Marlene Kim

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Gender Wage Gap ◽

Wage Gap ◽

The United States ◽

Pay Secrecy

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Policies to End the Gender Wage Gap in the United States

Review of Radical Political Economics ◽

10.1177/0486613413487159 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 278-283 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marlene Kim

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Gender Wage Gap ◽

Wage Gap ◽

The United States

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A MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF GUEST WORKER PERMITS

Macroeconomic Dynamics ◽

10.1017/s1365100513000333 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 189-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Maroula Khraiche

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Interest Rates ◽

Wage Gap ◽

Majority Vote ◽

The United States ◽

Point Of View ◽

Native Population ◽

Guest Worker ◽

Dynamic General Equilibrium Model ◽

Macroeconomic Analysis

This paper evaluates the optimality of a temporary worker permit policy from the point of view of the host country by using a two-country dynamic general equilibrium model, calibrated with data from the United States and Mexico. In the model, the decision to migrate and the corresponding decision to return are endogenous and take place within families that are heterogeneous in terms of human capital. After finding a migrant's optimal migration duration and the resulting shrinkage in the wage gap and change in interest rates, the paper derives the restriction on migrants' stay that maximizes natives' utility. It also derives the migrant length of stay that would pass a majority vote. When migration duration is restricted, the fraction of the native population made better off is maximized with a permit length of four years.

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