The Development of the Transmitting Tract in the Pistil of Hacquetia epipactis (Apiaceae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 156 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Weber ◽  
Andrea Frosch
Keyword(s):  
Transmitting Tract

scholarly journals Paving the Way for Fertilization: The Role of the Transmitting Tract

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2603
Author(s):  
Ana Marta Pereira ◽  
Diana Moreira ◽  
Sílvia Coimbra ◽  
Simona Masiero
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Transmitting Tract ◽  
Specialized Tissue

Angiosperm reproduction relies on the precise growth of the pollen tube through different pistil tissues carrying two sperm cells into the ovules’ embryo sac, where they fuse with the egg and the central cell to accomplish double fertilization and ultimately initiate seed development. A network of intrinsic and tightly regulated communication and signaling cascades, which mediate continuous interactions between the pollen tube and the sporophytic and gametophytic female tissues, ensures the fast and meticulous growth of pollen tubes along the pistil, until it reaches the ovule embryo sac. Most of the pollen tube growth occurs in a specialized tissue—the transmitting tract—connecting the stigma, the style, and the ovary. This tissue is composed of highly secretory cells responsible for producing an extensive extracellular matrix. This multifaceted matrix is proposed to support and provide nutrition and adhesion for pollen tube growth and guidance. Insights pertaining to the mechanisms that underlie these processes remain sparse due to the difficulty of accessing and manipulating the female sporophytic tissues enclosed in the pistil. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on this key step of reproduction in flowering plants with special emphasis on the female transmitting tract tissue.

Regulation of cell proliferation patterns by homeotic genes during Arabidopsis floral development

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 1267-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.D. Jenik ◽  
V.F. Irish
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Homeotic Genes ◽  
Transmitting Tract ◽  
Organ Identity ◽  
Element System ◽  
Cell Layers

The shoot apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana consists of three cell layers that proliferate to give rise to the aerial organs of the plant. By labeling cells in each layer using an Ac-based transposable element system, we mapped their contributions to the floral organs, as well as determined the degree of plasticity in this developmental process. We found that each cell layer proliferates to give rise to predictable derivatives: the L1 contributes to the epidermis, the stigma, part of the transmitting tract and the integument of the ovules, while the L2 and L3 contribute, to different degrees, to the mesophyll and other internal tissues. In order to test the roles of the floral homeotic genes in regulating these patterns of cell proliferation, we carried out similar clonal analyses in apetala3-3 and agamous-1 mutant plants. Our results suggest that cell division patterns are regulated differently at different stages of floral development. In early floral stages, the pattern of cell divisions is dependent on position in the floral meristem, and not on future organ identity. Later, during organogenesis, the layer contributions to the organs are controlled by the homeotic genes. We also show that AGAMOUS is required to maintain the layered structure of the meristem prior to organ initiation, as well as having a non-autonomous role in the regulation of the layer contributions to the petals.

CRABS CLAW and SPATULA, two Arabidopsis genes that control carpel development in parallel with AGAMOUS

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (11) ◽  
pp. 2377-2386 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Alvarez ◽  
D.R. Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Genetic Evidence ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Transmitting Tract ◽  
The Third ◽  
Organ Identity ◽  
Carpel Development ◽  
Carpel Wall

To help understand the process of carpel morphogenesis, the roles of three carpel development genes have been partitioned genetically. Mutants of CRABS CLAW cause the gynoecium to develop into a wider but shorter structure, and the two carpels are unfused at the apex. Mutants of a second gene, SPATULA, show reduced growth of the style, stigma, and septum, and the transmitting tract is absent. Double mutants of crabs claw and spatula with homeotic mutants that develop ectopic carpels demonstrate that CRABS CLAW and SPATULA are necessary for, and inseparable from, carpel development, and that their action is negatively regulated by A and B organ identity genes. The third carpel gene studied, AGAMOUS, encodes C function that has been proposed to fully specify carpel identity. When AGAMOUS function is removed together with the A class gene APETALA2, however, the organs retain many carpelloid properties, suggesting that other genes are also involved. We show here that further mutant disruption of both CRABS CLAW and SPATULA function removes remaining carpelloid properties, revealing that the three genes together are necessary to generate the mature gynoecium. In particular, AGAMOUS is required to specify the identity of the carpel wall and to promote the stylar outgrowth at the apex, CRABS CLAW suppresses radial growth of the developing gynoecium but promotes its longitudinal growth, and SPATULA supports development of the carpel margins and tissues derived from them. The three genes mostly act independently, although there is genetic evidence that CRABS CLAW enhances AGAMOUS and SPATULA function.

scholarly journals New roles of NO TRANSMITTING TRACT and SEEDSTICK during medial domain development inArabidopsisfruits

Development ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. dev172395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humberto Herrera-Ubaldo ◽  
Paulina Lozano-Sotomayor ◽  
Ignacio Ezquer ◽  
Maurizio Di Marzo ◽  
Ricardo Aarón Chávez Montes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmitting Tract

scholarly journals Signaling at Physical Barriers during Pollen–Pistil Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12230
Author(s):  
Kayleigh J. Robichaux ◽  
Ian S. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Motile Sperm ◽  
Double Fertilization ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Transmitting Tract ◽  
Guidance Cues ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Stigmatic Papillae

In angiosperms, double fertilization requires pollen tubes to transport non-motile sperm to distant egg cells housed in a specialized female structure known as the pistil, mediating the ultimate fusion between male and female gametes. During this journey, the pollen tube encounters numerous physical barriers that must be mechanically circumvented, including the penetration of the stigmatic papillae, style, transmitting tract, and synergid cells as well as the ultimate fusion of sperm cells to the egg or central cell. Additionally, the pollen tube must maintain structural integrity in these compact environments, while responding to positional guidance cues that lead the pollen tube to its destination. Here, we discuss the nature of these physical barriers as well as efforts to genetically and cellularly identify the factors that allow pollen tubes to successfully, specifically, and quickly circumnavigate them.

scholarly journals (273) Engineering Female Sterility for Horticultural Crops

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1020E-1021
Author(s):  
Alan Smith ◽  
Nicole Gardner ◽  
Elizabeth S. Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Female Fertility ◽  
Female Sterility ◽  
35S Promoter ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Flower Longevity ◽  
Glucanase Activity ◽  
Transmitting Tract ◽  
Horticultural Crops

Female sterility is desirable in horticultural crops for many reasons, including decreasing invasiveness and weediness, reducing nuisance fruit production, promoting vegetative growth, and increasing flower longevity and number. This study tested a method of creating female sterility through genetic transformation of plants with a gene that ablates tissue necessary for female fertility and reproduction. A gene construct was created containing barnase, a cytotoxic RNAse, expressed with a transmitting tract specific promoter from the tobacco gene sP41. The sP41gene encodes a (1,3)-β-glucanase in the transmitting tract of the pistil of mature tobacco flowers. The construct also expressed barstar, a barnase inhibitor, driven by the CaMV 35S promoter to protect other plant tissues from unexpected barnase expression. Seed set data taken after controlled pollinations showed tobacco plants transformed with this construct had greatly reduced fertility in young flowers and female sterility in mature flowers relative to nontransformed controls. Light microscopy showed ablation of the transmitting tract tissue in transformed plants. The expression of barnase with a transmitting tract specific promoter is an effective way to reduce or eliminate female fertility. Due to the conservation of (1,3)-β-glucanase activity in the styles of other plant species, this construct has potential for producing female-sterile cultivars of other horticultural crops.

scholarly journals Pollen tube guidance by the female gametophyte

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (12) ◽  
pp. 2489-2498 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Ray ◽  
S.S. Park ◽  
A. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Female Gametophyte ◽  
Chromosomal Translocation ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Transmitting Tract ◽  
Pollen Tube Guidance

In flowering plants, pollen grains germinate on the pistil and send pollen tubes down the transmitting tract toward ovules. Previous genetic studies suggested that the ovule is responsible for long-range pollen tube guidance during the last phase of a pollen tube's journey to the female gametes. It was not possible, however, to unambiguously identify the signaling cells within an ovule: the haploid female gametophyte or the diploid sporophytic cells. In an effort to distinguish genetically between these two possibilities, we have used a reciprocal chromosomal translocation to generate flowers wherein approximately half the ovules do not contain a functional female gametophyte but all ovules contain genotypically normal sporophytic cells. In these flowers, pollen tubes are guided to the normal but not to the abnormal female gametophytes. These results strongly suggest that the female gametophyte is responsible for pollen tube guidance, but leave open the possibility that the gametophyte may accomplish this indirectly through its influence on some sporophytic cells.

The most abundant soluble basic protein of the stylar transmitting tract in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an endochitinase

Planta ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 194 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Wemmer ◽  
Helgard Kaufmann ◽  
Hans-Hubert Kirch ◽  
Katharina Schneider ◽  
Friedrich Lottspeich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Basic Protein ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Transmitting Tract
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