Coadaptive Gene Complexes in Incipient Species of Hawaiian Drosophila

1980 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan T. Ohta
Keyword(s):  
Hawaiian Drosophila ◽  
Incipient Species ◽  
Gene Complexes

ANALYSIS OF GENETIC STRUCTURE OF DOGS OF FRENCH BULLDOG BREED USING MICROSATELLITE DNA MARKERS

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 185-192
Author(s):  
S. Kruhlyk ◽  
V. Dzitsiuk ◽  
V. Spyrydonov
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Microsatellite Dna ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Allelic Variants ◽  
Microsatellite Dna Markers ◽  
Gene Complexes ◽  
French Bulldog

Genetic variability of domestic dogs is a source for effective process of breed formation and creating unique gene complexes. In the world, for preservation of genetic resources of dogs, there are dog training associations which have great confidence: American Club Dog Breeders (AKC), the British Kennel Club (KC) and the Federation Cynologique Internationale (FCI), aimed at protecting breeding dogs, standards creation, registration of a breed, and issuance of accurate pedigrees. Evaluation of the genetic diversity of dog breeds is able to significantly complement and improve their breeding programs. Since breeds of dog differ in morphological and economic characteristics, the problem of finding of the breed features in the genome of animals is becoming more topical. From this point of view, French Bulldog is an interesting breed of dog (FRANC.BULLDOGGE, FCI standard number 101) which belongs by the classification of breeds, adopted in FCI, to the group IX – a dog-companion for health and fun, but to a subgroup of fighting dogs of a small format. French Bulldog breed has been researched slightly not only in Ukraine and also abroad, as the main work of all dog association is focused on solving theoretical and practical issues of breeding, keeping, feeding, veterinary protection and others. The study was conducted at Research Department of Molecular Diagnostic Tests of Ukrainian Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products. 33 animals of French Bulldog breed, admitted to use in dog breeding of Ukrainian Kennel Union (UKU), were involved for the genetic analysis using DNA markers. The materials of the research were buccal epithelial cells, selected before the morning feeding of animals by scraping mucous membrane of oral cavity with disposable, dry, sterile cotton swab. Genomic DNA was extracted using KIT-set of reagents for DNA isolation according to the manufacturer's instructions. PEZ1, PEZ3, PEZ6, PEZ8, FHC 2010, FHC 2054 markers, recommended by International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG), ACN, КC and FCI, were used for research. As a result of research 25 alleles for all the loci were detected in the experimental sample of dogs. The average number of alleles at the locus Na, obtained by direct counting, was 4.16. The most polymorphic loci for this breed were PEZ6 and PEZ3 with 8 and 6 allelic variants. Monomorphic loci were PEZ8 and FHC 2054 which had 4 and 3 alleles and the lowest level of polymorphism was observed for PEZ 1 and FHC 2010 loci in which only 2 alleles were identified. On analyzing the molecular genetic characteristics of dogs of French Bulldog breed, we found a high variability of genotype on rare alleles, which included alleles: M, C, D, E, J, K, L, O, N and representing 60% of the total number of the identified alleles. C, D, E alleles for PEZ3 locus and O allele at PEZ6 locus are unique to the sampling of dogs because they are not repeated in other loci. Typical alleles: N, F, R, I, P, K, M are 40% of the total. But F, R alleles for PEZ3 locus and P allele for locus PEZ6 are not repeated either in standard allelic variants or in rare one, indicating a high information content of these alleles and loci to be used for further monitoring of allele pool, genetic certification and identification of dogs. Microsatellite DNA loci were analyzed as a result of investigations of French Bulldogs and the most informative: PEZ3, PEZ6 and PEZ8 were found, which have high efficiency in individual and breed certification of dogs due to high variability. These data allow further monitoring of the state of genetic diversity of the breed and the development of measures for improvement of breeding to preserve the structure of breeding material. The study of individual and population genetic variability is advisable to continue for breeding of French Bulldogs "in purity" and preserving valuable gene complexes. The results are the basis for further monitoring of the proposed informative panels of microsatellite DNA markers for genotyping dog of French Bulldog breed and their complex evaluation.

scholarly journals CHROMOSOMAL SEQUENCES AND INTERISLAND COLONIZATIONS IN HAWAIIAN DROSOPHILA

Genetics ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-482
Author(s):  
Hampton L Carson
Keyword(s):  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Hawaiian Drosophila ◽  
On This Island ◽  
Break Points ◽  
Chromosomal Sequences ◽  
Founder Events ◽  
Paracentric Inversions ◽  
Single Set

ABSTRACT Of 103 picture-winged Drosophila species endemic to the high Hawaiian islands, all but three are endemic to single islands or island complexes. They are presumed to have evolved in situ on each island. The banding pattern sequences of the five major polytene chromosomes of these species have been mapped to a single set of Standard sequences. Sequential variation among these chromosomes is due to 213 paracentric inversions. An atlas of their break points is provided. Geographical, morphological and behavioral data may be used to supplement the cytological information in tracing ancestry. Starting at the newer end of the archipelago, the 26 species of the Island of Hawaii (less than 700,000 years old) are inferred to have been derived from 19 founders, 15 from the Maui complex, three from Oahu and one from Kauai. The existence of 40 Maui complex species is explicable as resulting from 12 founders, ten from Oahu and two from Kauai. The 29 Oahu species can be explained by 12 founder events, five from Kauai and seven from Maui complex (summary in Figure 5). Although the ancestry of two Kauai species can be traced to newer islands, the ten remaining ones on this island (age about 5.6 million years) are apparently ancient elements in the fauna, relating ultimately to Palearctic continental sources.

scholarly journals The expression of additive and nonadditive genetic variation under stress.

Genetics ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
pp. 1149-1159
Author(s):  
M W Blows ◽  
M B Sokolowski
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Hybrid Breakdown ◽  
Bristle Number ◽  
Gene Complexes ◽  
General Expectation ◽  
Faster Development ◽  
Seven Generations ◽  
Additive Genetic Effects

Abstract Experimental lines of Drosophila melanogaster derived from a natural population, which had been isolated in the laboratory for approximately 70 generations, were crossed to determine if the expression of additive, dominance and epistatic genetic variation in development time and viability was associated with the environment. No association was found between the level of additive genetic effects and environmental value for either trait, but nonadditive genetic effects increased at both extremes of the environmental range for development time. The expression of high levels of dominance and epistatic genetic variation at environmental extremes may be a general expectation for some traits. The disruption of the epistatic gene complexes in the parental lines resulted in hybrid breakdown toward faster development and there was some indication of hybrid breakdown toward higher viability. A combination of genetic drift and natural selection had therefore resulted in different epistatic gene complexes being selected after approximately 70 generations from a common genetic base. After crossing, the hybrid populations were observed for 10 generations. Epistasis contributed on average 12 hr in development time. Fluctuating asymmetry in sternopleural bristle number also evolved in the hybrid populations, decreasing by > 18% in the first seven generations after hybridization.

Biogeographic analysis of the Uhu and LOA elements in the Hawaiian Drosophila

Chromosoma ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 106 (7) ◽  
pp. 465-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Wisotzkey ◽  
Ingrid Felger ◽  
John A. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Hawaiian Drosophila ◽  
Biogeographic Analysis

Not just a peep: The evolution of calling in Pseudacris crucifer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Cicchino
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Mate Recognition ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Biological Species Concept ◽  
Incipient Species ◽  
Pseudacris Crucifer ◽  
Full Analysis ◽  
American Frog

Reproductive isolation is the hallmark of speciation as defined by the biological species concept. A species that is evolving towards reproductive isolation, but has not reached full isolation, is defined as an incipient species. One mechanism used by incipient species to further drive speciation is the use of mate recognition signals. The spring peeper, Pseudacris crucifer, is a North American frog that can be classified as an incipient species, as previous studies have found 6 distinct mitochondrial lineages within its range. Spring peepers use vocal signals for mate recognition and exhibit a female choice mating system where the males call to attract females. This study investigates the evolution of calling in spring peepers. Using calls from each lineage across the full range of spring peepers, I analyzed 11 different characteristics to determine whether the calls were different, and if so, which characteristics are being selected for. Preliminary evidence suggests that the calls between the lineages are distinct and that certain characteristics of the call are more heavily selected for than others. Full analysis on the data has not been completed at this time. This study will expand the understanding of the evolution of spring peepers, as well as offer insight into the role of mating systems on reproductive isolation.

scholarly journals Fungal Diversity Associated with Hawaiian Drosophila Host Plants

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. e40550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian S. Ort ◽  
Roxanne M. Bantay ◽  
Norma A. Pantoja ◽  
Patrick M. O’Grady
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Hawaiian Drosophila

Challenges in non-viral ocular gene transfer

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Peeters ◽  
N.N. Sanders ◽  
J. Demeester ◽  
S.C. De Smedt
Keyword(s):  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Gene Complexes ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Review Reports ◽  
Subretinal Injection

Nowadays, there is no effective treatment for many retinal disorders. Knowledge of the genetic basis of many severe ocular diseases may allow for alternative treatments by gene therapy. Non-viral gene complexes, such as lipo- and poly-plexes, can be delivered to the posterior segment, most often the target tissue, by intravitreal or subretinal injection. Since subretinal injections are very invasive, intravitreal injection is a promising alternative route to deliver gene complexes into the eye. However, the drawback of this technique is the relative long distance the complexes have to travel through the vitreous gel before they reach the retina. This mini-review reports on how non-viral gene complexes behave in vitreous. It especially focuses on how the coating of lipoplexes with poly(ethylene glycol) influences their behaviour in vitreous and the transfection of retinal pigment epithelium.

scholarly journals Publisher Correction: The Interplay between Incipient Species and Social Polymorphism in the Desert Ant Cataglyphis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tali Reiner Brodetzki ◽  
Shani Inbar ◽  
Pnina Cohen ◽  
Serge Aron ◽  
Eyal Privman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incipient Species ◽  
Social Polymorphism ◽  
Desert Ant
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