Mendelian Factor Differences Versus Reaction System Contrasts in Heredity

Water at the supercritical state is a new process for the chemical recycling. At this thermodynamic state i.e. Pc = 218 atmospheres and Tc = 374oC , water behaves very differently from its everyday temperament and it is a very good solvent for organic components. Experimental studies show that supercritical water can decompose hydrocarbons/polymers and produce useful products like 2-Azacyclotridecanone /lactam-1 from Nylon-12 (batch process). The decomposition process itself was carried out in batch reaction system in order to get more information about product distributions, time dependence, and scale-up possibilities.Keywords: supercritical water, decomposition, batch, polymer, hydrocarbon

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Optimization for ISSR-PCR reaction system of tea plant

JOURNAL OF HUNAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1238.2010.00414 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 414-417

Author(s):

Jing NING ◽

Jian-an HUANG ◽

Juan LI ◽

Xing-gang ZHONG ◽

Qi ZHU

Keyword(s):

Reaction System ◽

Tea Plant ◽

Issr Pcr

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Establishment and optimization of ISSR-PCR reaction system for endophytic fungi of Huperzia crispata

JOURNAL OF HUNAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1238.2012.00398 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 398-403

Author(s):

Yun-feng SHI ◽

Li-jun YU ◽

Zhong-hua LIU ◽

Huang HUANG ◽

Jin-hua XU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endophytic Fungi ◽

Reaction System ◽

Issr Pcr

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Polymer-Bound Triphenylphosphine and 4,4′-Dinitroazobenzene as a Coupling Reagents for Chromatography-Free Esterification Reaction

Current Organic Synthesis ◽

10.2174/1570179416666190919152424 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. 1024-1031

Author(s):

Diparjun Das ◽

Kalyani Rajkumari ◽

Lalthazuala Rokhum

Keyword(s):

Microwave Irradiation ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Reaction System ◽

Triphenylphosphine Oxide ◽

High Yield ◽

Sustainable Chemistry ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Coupling Reagent ◽

Simple Filtration ◽

Esterification Reactions

Aim and Objective: Sustainable production of fine chemicals both in industries and pharmaceuticals heavily depends on the application of solid-phase synthesis route coupled with microwave technologies due to their environmentally benign nature. In this report, a microwave-assisted esterification reaction using polymer-bound triphenylphosphine and 4,4′-dinitroazobenzene reagent system was investigated. Materials and Methods: The solvents were obtained from Merck India. Polymer-bound triphenylphosphine (~3 mmol triphenylphosphine moiety/g) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. The progress of the reaction was observed by thin-layer chromatography. All the reactions were performed in Milestones StartSYNTH microwave. The NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker Avance III 300, 400, and 500 MHz FT NMR Spectrometers. Using azo compound and polymer-bound triphenyl phosphine as a coupling reagent, esterification of different carboxylic acids with alcohols was performed under microwave irradiation. Results: Esterification of benzoic acid with 1-propanol under microwave irradiation gave a high yield of 92% propyl benzoate in 60 minutes only. Isolation of the ester products was relatively simple as both the byproducts polymer-bound triphenylphosphine oxide and hydrazine could be removed by simple filtration. The rates of reactions were found to be directly proportional to the pKa of the benzoic acids. Conclusion: 4,4′-Dinitroazobenzene was introduced as a novel coupling reagent, in conjugation with polymer-bound triphenylphosphine, for esterification reactions under microwave irradiation. The low moisture sensitivity of the reaction system, easy separation of the byproducts, and column chromatographyfree isolation of esters help our methods with application significance, particularly from the ‘Sustainable Chemistry’ perspective.

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Kinetics of the catalytic hydrodesulphurization reaction system; hydrogenolysis of thiophene

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19802728 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 45 (10) ◽

pp. 2728-2741 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Pavel Fott ◽

Petr Schneider

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Pressure ◽

Active Sites ◽

Flow Reactor ◽

Kinetic Equations ◽

Reaction System ◽

Reaction Products ◽

Molybdenum Catalyst ◽

Cobalt Molybdenum Catalyst ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Reaction Schemes

Kinetics have been studied of the reaction system taking place during the reaction of thiophene on the cobalt-molybdenum catalyst in a gradientless circulation flow reactor at 360 °C and atmospheric pressure. Butane has been found present in a small amount in the reaction products even at very low conversion. In view of this, consecutive and parallel-consecutive (triangular) reaction schemes have been proposed. In the former scheme the appearance of butane is accounted for by rate of desorption of butene being comparable with the rate of its hydrogenation. According to the latter scheme part of the butane originates from thiophene via a different route than through hydrogenation of butene. Analysis of the kinetic data has revealed that the reaction of thiophene should be considered to take place on other active sites than that of butene. Kinetic equations derived on this assumption for the consecutive and the triangular reaction schemes correlate experimental data with acceptable accuracy.

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Glucuronides Hydrolysis by Intestinal Microbial β-Glucuronidases (GUS) Is Affected by Sampling, Enzyme Preparation, Buffer pH, and Species

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13071043 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1043

Author(s):

Christabel Ebuzoeme ◽

Imoh Etim ◽

Autumn Ikimi ◽

Jamie Song ◽

Ting Du ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Preparation ◽

Reaction System ◽

Reaction Rates ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Model Animal ◽

Fresh Feces ◽

Time Buffer ◽

Exogenous Compounds ◽

Activity Loss ◽

The Impact

Glucuronides hydrolysis by intestinal microbial β-Glucuronidases (GUS) is an important procedure for many endogenous and exogenous compounds. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of experimental conditions on glucuronide hydrolysis by intestinal microbial GUS. Standard probe 4-Nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) and a natural glucuronide wogonoside were used as the model compounds. Feces collection time, buffer conditions, interindividual, and species variations were evaluated by incubating the substrates with enzymes. The relative reaction activity of pNPG, reaction rates, and reaction kinetics for wogonoside were calculated. Fresh feces showed the highest hydrolysis activities. Sonication increased total protein yield during enzyme preparation. The pH of the reaction system increased the activity in 0.69–1.32-fold, 2.9–12.9-fold, and 0.28–1.56-fold for mouse, rat, and human at three different concentrations of wogonoside, respectively. The Vmax for wogonoside hydrolysis was 2.37 ± 0.06, 4.48 ± 0.11, and 5.17 ± 0.16 μmol/min/mg and Km was 6.51 ± 0.71, 3.04 ± 0.34, and 0.34 ± 0.047 μM for mouse, rat, and human, respectively. The inter-individual difference was significant (4–6-fold) using inbred rats as the model animal. Fresh feces should be used to avoid activity loss and sonication should be utilized in enzyme preparation to increase hydrolysis activity. The buffer pH should be appropriate according to the species. Inter-individual and species variations were significant.

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Isolation of omnipotent suppressors in an [eta+] yeast strain.

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/124.3.505 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 124 (3) ◽

pp. 505-514 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J A All-Robyn ◽

D Kelley-Geraghty ◽

E Griffin ◽

N Brown ◽

S W Liebman

Keyword(s):

Yeast Strain ◽

Guanidine Hydrochloride ◽

Wild Type ◽

Translational Fidelity ◽

Genetic Analyses ◽

Mendelian Factor ◽

Nonsense Codons

Abstract Omnipotent suppressors decrease translational fidelity and cause misreading of nonsense codons. In the presence of the non-Mendelian factor [eta+], some alleles of previously isolated omnipotent suppressors are lethal. Thus the current search was conducted in an [eta+] strain in an effort to identify new suppressor loci. A new omnipotent suppressor, SUP39, and alleles of sup35, sup45, SUP44 and SUP46 were identified. Efficiencies of the dominant suppressors were dramatically reduced in strains that were cured of non-Mendelian factors by growth on guanidine hydrochloride. Wild-type alleles of SUP44 and SUP46 were cloned and these clones were used to facilitate the genetic analyses. SUP44 was shown to be on chromosome VII linked to cyh2, and SUP46 was clearly identified as distinct from the linked sup45.

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Bushmeat Species Identification: Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) Combined with Lateral Flow (LF) Strip for Identification of Formosan Reeves’ Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi micrurus)

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020426 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 426

Author(s):

Yun-Hsiu Hsu ◽

Wei-Cheng Yang ◽

Kun-Wei Chan

Keyword(s):

Species Identification ◽

Operating Time ◽

Meat Products ◽

Reaction System ◽

Lateral Flow ◽

Recombinase Polymerase Amplification ◽

Food Allergies ◽

Mitochondrial Cytochrome B ◽

Meat Species ◽

A New Technique

The identification of animal species of meat in meat products is of great concern for various reasons, such as public health, religious beliefs, food allergies, legal perspectives, and bushmeat control. In this study, we developed a new technique to identify Formosan Reeves’ muntjac in meat using recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) in combination with a lateral flow (LF) strip. The DNA extracted from a piece of Formosan Reeves’ muntjac meat was amplified by a pair of specific primers based on its mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for 10 min at a constant temperature ranging from 30 to 45 °C using RPA. Using the specific probe added to the RPA reaction system, the amplified products were visualized on the LF strip within 5 min. The total operating time from quick DNA extraction to visualizing the result was approximately 30 min. The RPA-LF system we designed was efficient when using boiled, pan-fried, roasted, stir-fried, or stewed samples. The advantages of simple operation, speediness, and cost-effectiveness make our RPA-LF method a promising molecular detection tool for meat species identification of either raw or variously cooked Formosan Reeves’ muntjac meat. It is also possible to apply this method to identify the meat of other wildlife sources.

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