Conversion to a Consumption Tax: The Transition in a Life-Cycle Growth Model

The aim of this study is to investigate effect of company's life cycle on cost of stockholders , in this regard, three hypotheses were developed that a sample of 118 companies during the period of 2009 to 2015 were selected in order test them and regression model and panel data was used to analyze hypotheses. In this study, Dickinson (DeAngelo et al., 2006; Dickinson, 2011; Rahmanian, Moghaddam et al., 2014) company life cycle criteria has been used to separate companies to different steps of company life cycle and the Gordon growth model has been used to measure cost of stockholders. The results show that the cost of stockholders has significant difference with each other in mature phase of Company life cycle Compared with recession of company's life cycle. The results also show that cost of stockholders have significant difference with each other compared with recession of company's life cycle in the growth stage of companies life cycle . Finally, the results show that cost of stockholders have significant difference with each other in the Company life cycle birth and decline compared with the record of company's life cycle.

Download Full-text

Life Cycle, Growth and Secondary Production in a Brackish-Water Population of the PolychaeteNotomastus latericeus (Capitellidae)in the Mediterranean Sea

Marine Ecology ◽

10.1111/j.1439-0485.1993.tb00003.x ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 313-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Adriana Giangrande ◽

Simonetta Fraschetti

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Mediterranean Sea ◽

Brackish Water ◽

Secondary Production ◽

Cycle Growth ◽

The Mediterranean

Download Full-text

Life Cycle, Growth, Survival, and Production of Macronychus glabratus (Coleoptera: Elmidae) in Northwest Arkansas and Southeast Texas Streams

Invertebrate Biology ◽

10.2307/3226977 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 116 (2) ◽

pp. 134 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Edward C. Phillips

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Cycle Growth ◽

Northwest Arkansas ◽

Southeast Texas

Download Full-text

Field and laboratory studies on the life-cycle, growth and feeding preference in the hairy snail Trochulus hispidus (L., 1758) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygromiidae)

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-012-0132-8 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Małgorzata Proćków ◽

Magda Drvotová ◽

Lucie Juřičková ◽

Elżbieta Kuźnik-Kowalska

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Food Preferences ◽

Land Snail ◽

Feeding Preference ◽

Early Spring ◽

Reproductive Period ◽

Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽

Annual Life Cycle ◽

Cycle Growth ◽

In The Wild

AbstractFor the first time the life cycle of the common land snail Trochulus hispidus was completely described in Central Europe (Poland). This is a semelparous species predominantly with an annual life cycle and the reproductive period lasting from April till October. The first young snails hatch in spring, grow rapidly in summer and reach ca. 4 whorls until winter. In spring of the next year they mature and reproduce. After that they die. There is hardly any growth from late autumn till early spring. The average proportional growth rate is ca. 0.3 whorl/month in the wild. The fastest growth is present in the youngest snails and then gradually decreases over the course of their age. Laboratory and field observations allowed for establishing the following life cycle parameters: eggs calcified, almost spherical, ca. 1.5 mm, laid in spring and summer in batches of between 1 and 47. Time to hatching is 6–24 days, hatching is asynchronous; newly-hatched snails have approximately 1.5 whorls. Analysis of food preferences revealed, that T. hispidus tends to restrict its diet during the life. Generally the youngest snails equally consumed leaves of all four tree species offered (Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, Tilia cordata and A. platanoides) whereas adults preferred F. excelsior over A. pseudoplatanus and A. platanoides.

Download Full-text