Education in Nonmarket Production

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2, Part 1) ◽  
pp. 306-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Michael
Keyword(s):  
ILR Review ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet C. Hunt ◽  
Charles D. DeLorme ◽  
R. Carter Hill

This study examines the influence of taxation on the wife's choice between home and market production by treating the marginal tax rate as a decision variable. The data analyzed, from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, provide information on the annual hours that husbands and wives devote to market work and housework, including child care, whereas previous studies have measured only changes in market hours and have assumed, in effect, that all other hours were devoted to nonproductive leisure. The empirical results indicate that wives working outside the home react to higher levels of taxation by reducing their market hours and increasing their home production time. In fact, the hypothesis cannot be rejected that wives completely reallocate time lost from the labor market to nonmarket production in an attempt to restore household real income. The authors conclude that the production loss from progressive taxation is usually overstated, though wives may lose through depreciation of their market skills and society loses to the extent that specialization in the economy declines.


Author(s):  
Nienke A. Oomes

Since it is one of the few spin systems that can be studied analytically, the Voter Model has been extensively discussed in the interacting particle systems literature. In the original interpretation of this model, voters choose their political positions with probabilities equal to the voting frequency of their friends. One of the main results is that, in one and two dimensions, the system clusters—i.e., converges to a homogeneous steady state—while heterogeneity can persist only in dimensions higher than two. This chapter develops an economic model that is similar to the Voter Model, in that agents decide between economic positions, conditional on the economic choices of their trade partners. The choices considered here are market production and nonmarket production, where the payoffs associated with market production for a given agent are a function of the amount of market goods produced by others. Intuitively, the more people are producing for the market, the more potential trade partners exist, hence the higher the expected payoff associated with market production. Similarly, the smaller the extent of the market, the lower the expected gains from trade, hence the smaller the incentive to produce for the market. When each agent is assumed to have an equal probability of trading with any other agent in his or.her trade network, the payoffs associated with market production are linearly increasing in the network’s total market output. However, this linearity in payoffs does not necessarily imply that the conditional probability of working for the market is linearly increasing in total market production, as the Voter Model would have it. As it turns out, this follows only if agents believe, mistakenly, that their trade partners will decide to work for the market with a probability that is exactly proportional to their current market output. Clearly, a more general approach is obtained by allowing for different types of expectations agents may have about the production decisions of their trade partners. A model that allows for such an approach is the so-called Nonlinear Voter Model (NLVM), studied by Molofsky et al.


2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-362
Author(s):  
Nina Banks

This analysis discusses the lived experiences of Black American women as the basis for a new theoretical framework for understanding women’s unpaid work. Feminist economists have called attention to the invisibility of women’s unpaid work within the private household but have not adequately considered the unpaid, nonmarket work that women perform collectively to address urgent community needs that arise out of racial and ethnic group disparities. As such, racialized women’s unpaid, nonmarket work continues to be subject to invisibility. This analysis reconceptualizes Black women’s community activism as unpaid, nonmarket “work” and illustrates that the community is a primary site of nonmarket production by Black women and other racialized women. The community is an important site where racialized women perform unpaid, nonmarket collective work to improve the welfare of community members and address community needs not met by the public and private sectors. The analysis elevates the community to a site of production on par with the household, thereby calling for a paradigm shift in feminist economic conceptualizations of unpaid work. This new framework enables us to examine intersectional linkages across different sites of production—firms, households, and communities—where multiple forms of oppression operate in structuring peoples’ lives. Compared with additive models of gender and race, this intersectional approach more fully captures the magnitude of racialized women’s oppression.


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