Modern European Thought: Continuity and Change in Ideas, 1600-1950. Franklin L. BaumerThe Age of the Masses: Ideas and Society in Europe since 1870. M. D. Biddiss

1979 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
W. Warren Wagar
1979 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Glenn Blackburn ◽  
Franklin L. Baumer

1978 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 705
Author(s):  
Henry Vyverberg ◽  
Franklin L. Baumer

Author(s):  
Charles W. Allen

With respect to structural consequences within a material, energetic electrons, above a threshold value of energy characteristic of a particular material, produce vacancy-interstial pairs (Frenkel pairs) by displacement of individual atoms, as illustrated for several materials in Table 1. Ion projectiles produce cascades of Frenkel pairs. Such displacement cascades result from high energy primary knock-on atoms which produce many secondary defects. These defects rearrange to form a variety of defect complexes on the time scale of tens of picoseconds following the primary displacement. A convenient measure of the extent of irradiation damage, both for electrons and ions, is the number of displacements per atom (dpa). 1 dpa means, on average, each atom in the irradiated region of material has been displaced once from its original lattice position. Displacement rate (dpa/s) is proportional to particle flux (cm-2s-1), the proportionality factor being the “displacement cross-section” σD (cm2). The cross-section σD depends mainly on the masses of target and projectile and on the kinetic energy of the projectile particle.


2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne M. Chung ◽  
Richard W. Robins ◽  
Kali H. Trzesniewski ◽  
Brent W. Roberts ◽  
Erik E. Noftle ◽  
...  

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